Primary PCI and Mental Health: A 12-Month Follow-Up Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Sleep disorders: difficulty falling asleep, frequent waking during the night, restless sleep.
- Post-traumatic stress: symptoms such as nightmares, flashbacks, avoidance of certain situations, hypervigilance, etc.
- Anger and irritability: symptoms such as aggression, irritability, uncontrolled anger.
- Decreased self-confidence: feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, decreased sexual appetite, lack of satisfaction with activities that used to bring joy, etc.
- Concentration problems: difficulties in multitasking, decision-making or maintaining focus on a task, etc.
2. Materials and Methods
3. Main Findings of This Work
3.1. Depression
3.1.1. Gender
- Early detection and treatment of depression in post-PCI women is crucial
- Integrating mental support into cardiac rehabilitation programs could be beneficial for women post-PCI
- Identifying women who are at a higher risk of depression post-PCI could help healthcare providers tailor their care to support these individuals
- Implementing routine screening for depression in women who have undergone PCI could help prevent and/or manage depressive symptoms.
3.1.2. Age
3.1.3. Co-Existing Conditions
3.2. Anxiety
3.2.1. Gender
3.2.2. Age
3.2.3. Comorbidities
4. Limitations
5. Future Lines of Research
- Conduct a larger, multi-center study: While our research provides valuable insights into the topic, a larger study involving multiple centers and a larger patient population would provide a more comprehensive picture of the impact of primary PCI on mental health in the long term.
- Long-term follow-up studies: While our study covered a 12-month follow-up period, many patients may continue to experience mental health issues beyond this timeframe. Conducting a longer-term follow-up study could help determine if there are any lasting effects of primary PCI on mental health.
- Compare primary PCI to alternative therapies: It would be interesting to compare the impact of primary PCI on mental health to those who undergo alternative therapies, such as thrombolytic therapy or medical management. This type of research could help determine if those who undergo primary PCI are better off in terms of mental health outcomes compared to other treatment methods.
- Investigating the impact of anxiety and depression on long-term outcomes following primary PCI: While our study examined the impact of primary PCI on anxiety and depression, future studies could address the reverse relationship by exploring how anxiety and depression might affect long-term outcomes following primary PCI, such as rates of re-hospitalization or mortality.
- Investigating the impact of specific cardiac conditions on anxiety and depression following primary PCI: Different cardiac conditions may have different effects on mental health outcomes following primary PCI. Examining the specific impact of conditions such as acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias or heart failure on anxiety and depression could provide valuable insights into how best to support patients with these conditions.
- Investigating the impact of mental health status on secondary prevention measures: We can examine whether patients with poor mental health are less likely to adhere to lifestyle changes such as exercise and diet or medication regimes that could prevent further cardiac events.
- Comparing different methods of treatment for anxiety and depression following primary PCI: Patients who undergo primary PCI may receive different methods of treatment for anxiety and depression, including medications, psychotherapy, or referrals for additional mental health services. Comparing these treatment methods and their effectiveness would be an important next step in determining how best to address these mental health issues in patients who have undergone primary PCI.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Socio-Demographic | Medical History | Risk Factors | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | |||
Gender | HTA | Smoking | ||||||
Male | 65 | 73.9 | Present | 70 | 79.5 | Yes | 17 | 19.3 |
Female | 23 | 26.1 | Absent | 18 | 20.5 | No | 71 | 80.7 |
Living place | Diabetes melitus | Alcohol | ||||||
Urban | 48 | 54.5 | Present | 36 | 40.9 | Yes | 28 | 31.8 |
Rural | 40 | 45.5 | Absent | 52 | 59.1 | No | 60 | 68.2 |
Age | Hypercholesterolemia | |||||||
<60 years | 16 | 18.2 | Yes | 21 | 23.9 | |||
60–70 years | 47 | 53.4 | No | 67 | 76.1 | |||
>70 years | 25 | 28.4 |
Before | 1 Month | 6 Months | 12 Months | |
---|---|---|---|---|
HAM-D17 | 7.59 ± 2.5 | 5.32 ± 2.68 | 4.06 ± 2.45 | 4.35 ± 2.54 |
Gender | ||||
Female | 8.78 ± 2.04 | 6.65 ± 2.53 | 5.17 ± 2.5 | 5.7 ± 1.96 |
Male | 7.17 ± 2.53 | 4.85 ± 2.59 | 3.66 ± 2.32 | 3.88 ± 2.56 |
Age | ||||
<60 years | 6.50 ± 1.93 | 4.19 ± 1.76 | 2.94 ± 1.48 | 3.38 ± 1.54 |
60–70 years | 7.11 ± 2.56 | 4.43 ± 2.19 | 3.23 ± 1.84 | 3.36 ± 1.71 |
>70 years | 9.2 ± 1.98 | 7.72 ± 2.54 | 6.32 ± 2.51 | 6.84 ± 2.59 |
Hypertension | ||||
Present | 7.73± 2.42 | 5.47 ± 2.67 | 4.13 ± 2.47 | 4.38 ± 2.52 |
Absent | 6.86 ± 2.78 | 4.72 ± 2.7 | 3.77 ± 2.39 | 4.22 ± 2.65 |
Diabetes mellitus | ||||
Present | 7.33 ± 2.38 | 4.86 ± 2.3 | 4.03 ± 2.54 | 4.22 ± 2.38 |
Absent | 7.77 ± 2.59 | 5.65 ± 4.08 | 4.08 ± 2.41 | 4.44 ± 2.66 |
Depresion Level (N, %) | Before | 1 Month | 6 Months | 12 Months |
---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | 42 (47.7%) | 72 (81.8%) | 77 (87.5%) | 78 (88.6%) |
Slight | 46 (52.3%) | 16 (18.2%) | 11 (12.5%) | 10 (11.4%) |
Risk * | 0.35 | 0.22 | 0.24 | |
CI 95% | 0.22–0.57 | 0.12–0.41 | 0.13–0.43 | |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Anxiety Level (N, %) | Before | 1 Month | 6 Months | 12 Months |
---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | 12 (13.6%) | 42 (47.7%) | 68 (77.3%) | 64 (72.7%) |
Slight | 66 (75%) | 44 (50%) | 20 (22.7%) | 23 (26.1%) |
Moderate | 10 (11.4%) | 2 (2.3%) | 0 | 1 (1.1%) |
Risk * | 0.61 | 0.26 | 0.32 | |
CI 95% | 0.49–0.75 | 0.18–0.39 | 0.22–0.44 | |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Before | 1 Month | 6 Months | 12 Months | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HAM-A | 7.23 ± 2.66 | 4.67 ± 2.38 | 2.99 ± 1.97 | 3.55 ± 2.48 | <0.001 |
Gender | |||||
Female | 9.22 ± 2.5 | 6.52 ± 2.43 | 4.26 ± 1.63 | 5.17 ± 2.42 | <0.001 |
Male | 6.52 ± 2.35 | 4.02 ± 1.99 | 2.54 ± 1.89 | 2.97 ± 2.25 | <0.001 |
Age | |||||
<60 years | 5.75 ± 2.41 | 2.63 ± 1.54 | 1.13 ± 1.2 | 0.81 ± 1.05 | <0.001 |
60–70 years | 6.51 ± 2.22 | 4.17 ± 1.81 | 2.62 ± 1.38 | 3.13 ± 1.36 | <0.001 |
>70 years | 9.52 ± 2.16 | 6.92 ± 2.04 | 4.83 ± 1.79 | 6.08 ± 2.47 | <0.001 |
Hipertension | |||||
Present | 7.21 ± 2.76 | 4.8 ± 2.42 | 3.14 ± 1.98 | 3.83 ± 2.42 | |
Absent | 7.28 ± 2.29 | 4.17 ± 2.17 | 2.39 ± 1.85 | 2.61 ± 2.12 | |
Diabetus mellitus | |||||
Present | 6.69 ± 2.74 | 4.3 ± 2.35 | 2.86 ± 1.66 | 3.58 ± 2.28 | |
Absent | 7.59 ± 2.56 | 4.92 ± 2.38 | 3.07 ± 2.16 | 3.51 ± 2.63 |
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Vulcănescu, D.; Gheorman, V.; Pîrvu, D.C.; Dinescu, V.C.; Gheorman, V.; Udriștoiu, I.; Paraschiv, A.M.; Bunescu, M.G.; Berceanu, M.C.; Gheorman, L.; et al. Primary PCI and Mental Health: A 12-Month Follow-Up Study. Healthcare 2023, 11, 1620. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11111620
Vulcănescu D, Gheorman V, Pîrvu DC, Dinescu VC, Gheorman V, Udriștoiu I, Paraschiv AM, Bunescu MG, Berceanu MC, Gheorman L, et al. Primary PCI and Mental Health: A 12-Month Follow-Up Study. Healthcare. 2023; 11(11):1620. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11111620
Chicago/Turabian StyleVulcănescu, Dragoș, Veronica Gheorman, Daniel Cristian Pîrvu, Venera Cristina Dinescu, Victor Gheorman, Ion Udriștoiu, Alina Maria Paraschiv, Marius Gabriel Bunescu, Mihaela Corina Berceanu, Lavinia Gheorman, and et al. 2023. "Primary PCI and Mental Health: A 12-Month Follow-Up Study" Healthcare 11, no. 11: 1620. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11111620