Factors Influencing Willingness to Undergo Lung Cancer Screening in the Future: A Cross-Sectional Study of Japanese University Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Survey
2.2.1. Willingness to Undergo LCS in the Future
2.2.2. Elementary Item
2.2.3. Experience with Cancer Education, Willingness to Attend, Concerns about Cancer, and Knowledge and Awareness of LC and LCS
2.2.4. Additional Questions for Current Smokers
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Participants
3.2. Willingness to Undergo LCS and Related Factors
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n | % | ||
---|---|---|---|
Age (Mean ± SD) | 19.53 ± 1.30 | ||
Sex | |||
Male | 4290 | 66.0% | |
Female | 2177 | 33.5% | |
Unanswered | 37 | 0.6% | |
Education | |||
Freshman | 2138 | 32.9% | |
Sophomore | 1382 | 21.2% | |
Junior | 1247 | 19.2% | |
Senior | 1737 | 26.7% | |
Undergraduate department (course/program) | |||
Medical science | 1036 | 15.9% | |
Others | 5468 | 84.1% | |
Residence style | |||
Living with family | 5331 | 82.0% | |
Living alone | 1090 | 16.8% | |
Dormitory/others | 83 | 1.2% | |
Has a physical illness and undergoing treatment. | |||
Yes | 388 | 6.0% | |
No | 6116 | 94.0% | |
Has a history of hospitalization. | |||
Yes | 2066 | 31.8% | |
No | 4438 | 68.2% | |
Lifestyle habits | |||
Sleep hours/day | |||
6 h or less/9 h or more | 3892 | 59.8% | |
7–8 h | 2612 | 40.2% | |
Drinking habits | |||
Non-drinker | 4217 | 64.8% | |
Occasionally | 2201 | 33.8% | |
Every day | 86 | 1.3% | |
Exercise habits | |||
1 time or less/week | 4177 | 64.2% | |
2 times or more/week | 2327 | 35.8% | |
Smoking | |||
History of smoking | |||
Non-smokers | 6062 | 93.2% | |
Past smokers | 144 | 2.2% | |
Current smokers | 298 | 4.6% | |
Family history of smoking | |||
Yes | 3596 | 55.3% | |
No | 2908 | 44.7% |
All | Willingness to Undergo LCS | p-Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 4609, 70.9%) | No (n = 1895, 29.1%) | |||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
Sex | Male | 4290 | 66.0% | 2967 | 64.4% | 1323 | 69.8% | <0.01 |
Female | 2177 | 33.4% | 1614 | 35.0% | 563 | 29.7% | ||
Unanswered | 37 | 0.6% | 28 | 0.6% | 9 | 0.5% | ||
Education | Freshman | 2138 | 32.9% | 1548 | 33.6% | 590 | 31.1% | ns |
Sophomore | 1382 | 21.2% | 975 | 21.2% | 407 | 21.5% | ||
Junior | 1247 | 19.2% | 883 | 19.2% | 364 | 19.2% | ||
Senior | 1737 | 26.7% | 1203 | 26.1% | 534 | 28.2% | ||
Undergraduate department | ||||||||
Medical science | 1036 | 15.9% | 809 | 17.6% | 227 | 12.0% | <0.01 | |
Residence style | Living with family | 5331 | 82.0% | 3741 | 81.2% | 1590 | 83.9% | <0.05 |
Living alone | 1090 | 16.8% | 807 | 17.5% | 283 | 14.9% | ||
Dormitory/others | 83 | 1.3% | 61 | 1.3% | 22 | 1.2% | ||
Has a physical illness and undergoing treatment | ||||||||
Yes | 388 | 6.0% | 276 | 6.0% | 112 | 5.9% | ns | |
Has a history of hospitalization | ||||||||
Yes | 2066 | 31.8% | 1499 | 32.5% | 567 | 29.9% | <0.05 | |
Have had a cancer screening | ||||||||
Yes | 439 | 6.7% | 378 | 8.2% | 61 | 3.2% | <0.01 | |
Lifestyle habits | ||||||||
Sleep hours/day | 6 h or less 9 h or more † | 3892 | 59.8% | 2727 | 59.2% | 1165 | 61.5% | ns |
Drinking habits | Non-drinker | 4217 | 64.8% | 3010 | 65.3% | 1207 | 63.7% | ns |
Occasionally | 2201 | 33.8% | 1545 | 33.5% | 656 | 34.6% | ||
Every day | 86 | 1.3% | 54 | 1.2% | 32 | 1.7% | ||
Exercise habits/week | 1 time or less ‡ | 4177 | 64.2% | 2965 | 64.3% | 1212 | 64.0% | ns |
Smoking related | ||||||||
History of smoking | Non-smokers | 6062 | 93.2% | 4340 | 94.2% | 1722 | 90.9% | <0.01 |
Past smokers | 144 | 2.2% | 94 | 2.0% | 50 | 2.6% | ||
Current smokers | 298 | 4.6% | 175 | 3.8% | 123 | 6.5% | ||
Family history of smoking | ||||||||
Yes | 3596 | 55.3% | 2568 | 55.7% | 1028 | 54.2% | ns | |
Interested in social events promoting smoking cessation | ||||||||
Yes | 3283 | 50.5% | 2586 | 56.1% | 697 | 36.8% | <0.01 | |
Education on smoking cessation | ||||||||
Yes | 4777 | 73.4% | 3552 | 77.1% | 1225 | 64.6% | <0.01 |
All | Willingness to Undergo LCS | p-Value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 4609, 70.9%) | No (n = 1895, 29.1%) | ||||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||||
Experience with cancer education, willingness to attend, and concerns about cancer | |||||||||
Experienced cancer education | |||||||||
Yes | 4237 | 65.1% | 3223 | 69.9% | 1014 | 53.5% | <0.01 | ||
Willing to receive cancer education in the future. | |||||||||
Yes | 4500 | 69.2% | 3703 | 80.3% | 797 | 42.1% | <0.01 | ||
I am worried that I might get cancer in the future | |||||||||
Yes | 4716 | 72.5% | 3776 | 81.9% | 940 | 49.6% | <0.01 | ||
Knowledge of LC and smoking | |||||||||
I know that the number of patients with LC in Japan is increasing yearly | |||||||||
Yes | 3581 | 55.1% | 2599 | 56.4% | 982 | 51.8% | <0.01 | ||
I know that in Japan, a high percentage of patients die from LC | |||||||||
Yes | 4252 | 65.4% | 3105 | 67.4% | 1147 | 60.5% | <0.01 | ||
I know that there are few symptoms in the early stages of LC | |||||||||
Yes | 3263 | 50.2% | 2359 | 51.2% | 904 | 47.7% | <0.05 | ||
I know that in Japan, LC ranks first among men and second among women in terms of deaths from different types of cancer | |||||||||
Yes | 3044 | 46.8% | 2201 | 47.8% | 843 | 44.5% | <0.05 | ||
Smoking is recognized as a factor that contributes to LC development | |||||||||
Yes | 5922 | 91.1% | 4318 | 93.7% | 1604 | 84.6% | <0.01 | ||
Acknowledges that “passive smoking” is a cause of LC | |||||||||
Yes | 5965 | 91.7% | 4334 | 94.0% | 1631 | 86.1% | <0.01 | ||
Recognition of LCS | |||||||||
Awareness of the existence of LCS. | |||||||||
Yes | 2136 | 32.8% | 1701 | 36.9% | 435 | 23.0% | <0.01 | ||
If you are going to undergo LCS in the future, at what age would you be willing to have it? | |||||||||
20s to 30s | 4602 | 70.8% | 3516 | 76.3% | 1086 | 57.3% | <0.01 | ||
40s to 50s | 1737 | 26.7% | 1053 | 22.8% | 684 | 36.1% | |||
60s and beyond | 165 | 2.5% | 40 | 0.9% | 125 | 6.6% | |||
Feeling that undergoing LCS is beneficial to their health | |||||||||
Yes | 6231 | 95.8% | 4558 | 98.9% | 1673 | 88.3% | <0.01 | ||
Concerned about undergoing LCS because they lack information about its process | |||||||||
Yes | 2448 | 37.6% | 1619 | 35.1% | 829 | 43.7% | <0.01 | ||
Concern that if they undergo LCS, they may find LC | |||||||||
Yes | 1203 | 18.5% | 770 | 16.7% | 433 | 22.8% | <0.01 | ||
I know where to access LCS | |||||||||
Yes | 1228 | 18.9% | 774 | 16.8% | 454 | 24.0% | <0.01 |
Willingness to Undergo LCS | p-Value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 175, 58.7%) | No (n = 123, 41.3%) | |||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
Sex | Male | 262 | 87.9% | 159 | 90.9% | 103 | 83.7% | ns |
Education | Freshman | 9 | 3.0% | 4 | 2.3% | 5 | 4.1% | ns |
Sophomore | 18 | 6.0% | 10 | 5.7% | 8 | 6.5% | ||
Junior | 96 | 32.2% | 57 | 32.6% | 39 | 31.7% | ||
Senior | 175 | 58.7% | 104 | 59.4% | 71 | 57.7% | ||
Undergraduate Department | ||||||||
Medical science | 40 | 13.4% | 31 | 17.7% | 9 | 7.3% | <0.05 | |
Residence style | Living with family * | 236 | 79.2% | 136 | 77.7% | 100 | 81.3% | ns |
Has a physical illness and undergoing treatment | ||||||||
Yes | 279 | 93.6% | 164 | 93.7% | 115 | 93.5% | ns | |
Has a history of hospitalization | ||||||||
Yes | 213 | 71.5% | 118 | 67.4% | 95 | 77.2% | ns | |
Have had a cancer screening | ||||||||
Yes | 48 | 15.1% | 44 | 25.1% | 4 | 3.3% | <0.01 | |
Lifestyle habits | ||||||||
Sleep hours/day | 6 h or less 9 h or more † | 206 | 69.1% | 121 | 69.1% | 85 | 69.1% | ns |
Drinking habits | Non-drinker | 40 | 13.4% | 20 | 11.4% | 20 | 16.3% | <0.05 |
Occasionally | 236 | 79.2% | 147 | 84.0% | 89 | 72.4% | ||
Every day | 22 | 7.4% | 8 | 4.6% | 14 | 11.4% | ||
Exercise habits/week | 1 time or less ‡ | 201 | 67.4% | 116 | 66.3% | 85 | 69.1% | ns |
Smoking-related characteristics | ||||||||
Smoking device | Cigarettes | 148 | 49.7% | 89 | 50.9% | 59 | 48.0% | ns |
HNB cigarettes | 53 | 17.8% | 33 | 18.9% | 20 | 16.3% | ||
E-cigarettes | 15 | 5.0% | 7 | 4.0% | 8 | 6.5% | ||
Combined users | 82 | 27.5% | 46 | 26.3% | 36 | 29.3% | ||
Smoking period | Less than 1 year | 119 | 39.9% | 65 | 37.1% | 54 | 43.9% | ns |
2–3 years | 163 | 54.7% | 97 | 55.4% | 66 | 53.7% | ||
4 years or more | 16 | 5.4% | 13 | 7.4% | 3 | 2.4% | ||
Number of cigarettes smoked/day | 10 or less | 208 | 69.8% | 124 | 70.9% | 84 | 68.3% | ns |
11–20 | 69 | 23.2% | 38 | 21.7% | 31 | 25.2% | ||
21–30 | 13 | 4.4% | 8 | 4.6% | 5 | 4.1% | ||
31 or more | 8 | 2.7% | 5 | 2.9% | 3 | 2.4% | ||
Family history of smoking | ||||||||
Yes | 246 | 82.6% | 150 | 85.7% | 96 | 78.0% | ns | |
Interested in social events promoting smoking cessation. | ||||||||
Yes | 116 | 38.9% | 78 | 44.6% | 38 | 30.9% | <0.05 | |
Attended educational programs on smoking cessation | ||||||||
Yes | 184 | 61.7% | 117 | 66.9% | 67 | 54.5% | <0.05 | |
Willingness to quit smoking in the future | ||||||||
Yes | 98 | 32.9% | 66 | 37.7% | 32 | 26.0% | <0.05 | |
FTND | Mild | 174 | 58.4% | 102 | 58.3% | 72 | 58.5% | ns |
Moderate | 99 | 33.2% | 56 | 32.0% | 43 | 35.0% | ||
Severe | 25 | 8.4% | 17 | 9.7% | 8 | 6.5% |
All | Willingness to Undergo LCS | p-Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 175, 58.7%) | No (n = 123, 41.3%) | |||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
Experience with cancer education, willingness to attend, and concerns about cancer | ||||||||
Experienced cancer education | ||||||||
Yes | 191 | 64.1% | 127 | 72.6% | 64 | 52.0% | <0.01 | |
Willing to receive cancer education in the future | ||||||||
Yes | 152 | 51.0% | 120 | 68.6% | 32 | 26.0% | <0.01 | |
I am worried that I might get cancer in the future | ||||||||
Yes | 188 | 63.1% | 145 | 82.9% | 43 | 35.0% | <0.01 | |
Knowledge of LC and smoking | ||||||||
I know that the number of patients with LC in Japan is increasing yearly | ||||||||
Yes | 213 | 71.5% | 137 | 78.3% | 76 | 61.8% | <0.01 | |
I know that in Japan, a high percentage of patients die from LC | ||||||||
Yes | 219 | 73.5% | 136 | 77.7% | 83 | 67.5% | <0.05 | |
I know that there are few symptoms in the early stages of LC | ||||||||
Yes | 185 | 62.1% | 114 | 65.1% | 71 | 57.7% | ns | |
I know that in Japan, LC ranks first among men and second among women in terms of deaths from different types of cancer | ||||||||
Yes | 187 | 62.8% | 116 | 66.3% | 71 | 57.7% | ns | |
Smoking is recognized as a factor that contributes to LC development. | ||||||||
Yes | 274 | 91.9% | 168 | 96.0% | 106 | 86.2% | <0.01 | |
Acknowledges that “passive smoking” is a cause of LC | ||||||||
Yes | 274 | 91.9% | 169 | 96.6% | 105 | 85.4% | <0.01 | |
Recognition of LCS | ||||||||
Awareness of the existence of LCS | ||||||||
Yes | 139 | 46.6% | 96 | 54.9% | 43 | 35.0% | <0.01 | |
If you are going to undergo LCS in the future, at what age would you be willing to have it? | ||||||||
20s to 30s | 215 | 72.1% | 142 | 81.1% | 73 | 59.3% | <0.01 | |
40s to 50s | 68 | 22.8% | 32 | 18.3% | 36 | 29.3% | ||
60s and beyond | 15 | 5.0% | 1 | 0.6% | 14 | 11.4% | ||
Feeling that undergoing LCS is beneficial to their health | ||||||||
Yes | 264 | 88.6% | 170 | 97.1% | 94 | 76.4% | <0.01 | |
Concerned about undergoing LCS because they lack information about its process. | ||||||||
Yes | 100 | 33.6% | 59 | 33.7% | 41 | 33.3% | ns | |
Concern that if they undergo LCS, they may find LC | ||||||||
Yes | 75 | 25.2% | 43 | 24.6% | 32 | 26.0% | ns | |
I know where to access LCS | ||||||||
Yes | 224 | 75.2% | 140 | 80.0% | 84 | 68.3% | <0.05 |
OR | OR 95% CI | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Limit | Upper Limit | |||
All participants | ||||
Current smoker. ‡ | 0.729 | 0.541 | 0.981 | <0.05 |
Interested in social events promoting smoking cessation. | 1.211 | 1.062 | 1.380 | <0.01 |
Have had a cancer screening. | 1.721 | 1.266 | 2.339 | <0.01 |
Experienced cancer education. | 1.268 | 1.143 | 1.487 | <0.01 |
Willing to receive cancer education in the future. | 3.494 | 3.060 | 3.990 | <0.01 |
I am worried that I might get cancer in the future. | 3.037 | 2.658 | 3.470 | <0.01 |
Smoking is recognized as a factor influencing LC development. | 1.419 | 1.144 | 1.761 | <0.01 |
Awareness of the existence of LCS. | 1.562 | 1.349 | 1.810 | <0.01 |
If you are going to undergo LCS in the future, you should be in your 40s–50s. ‡ ‡ | 0.608 | 0.531 | 0.696 | <0.01 |
If you are going to undergo LCS in the future, you should be in your 60s or older. ‡ ‡ | 0.197 | 0.129 | 0.300 | <0.01 |
Feeling that undergoing LCS is beneficial to their health. | 4.618 | 3.203 | 6.658 | <0.01 |
Concerned about undergoing LCS because they lack information about the process. | 0.608 | 0.527 | 0.701 | <0.01 |
I am concerned that if I undergo LCS, they may find cancer. | 0.774 | 0.651 | 0.921 | <0.01 |
I know where to access LCS. | 1.540 | 1.301 | 1.822 | <0.01 |
Current smokers | ||||
Willing to receive cancer education in the future. | 3.485 | 1.949 | 6.230 | <0.01 |
I am worried that I might get cancer in the future. | 5.232 | 2.891 | 9.469 | <0.01 |
If you are to undergo LCS, you must be in your 60s or older. ‡ ‡ | 0.116 | 0.012 | 1.116 | 0.062 |
Feeling that undergoing LCS is beneficial to their health. | 4.979 | 1.614 | 15.362 | <0.01 |
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Mori, Y.; Seguchi, M.; Iio, Y.; Aoyama, Y.; Tanaka, M.; Kozai, H.; Ito, M. Factors Influencing Willingness to Undergo Lung Cancer Screening in the Future: A Cross-Sectional Study of Japanese University Students. Healthcare 2024, 12, 849. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12080849
Mori Y, Seguchi M, Iio Y, Aoyama Y, Tanaka M, Kozai H, Ito M. Factors Influencing Willingness to Undergo Lung Cancer Screening in the Future: A Cross-Sectional Study of Japanese University Students. Healthcare. 2024; 12(8):849. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12080849
Chicago/Turabian StyleMori, Yukihiro, Manato Seguchi, Yoko Iio, Yuka Aoyama, Mamoru Tanaka, Hana Kozai, and Morihiro Ito. 2024. "Factors Influencing Willingness to Undergo Lung Cancer Screening in the Future: A Cross-Sectional Study of Japanese University Students" Healthcare 12, no. 8: 849. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12080849