A Study on the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors of Pregnant Women Regarding HIV and Routine Rapid Testing: An Assessment in a High-Risk Marginal Area
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Study Design and Sample Size
2.3. Study Procedure
2.4. Ethics
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strength and Limitation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Variables | N (%) |
---|---|
Age Mean (SD) | 27.83 (5.8) |
Husband’s age Mean (SD) | 32.08 (6.6) |
Education level | |
Illiterate | 8 (4.0) |
High school | 105 (53.0) |
Diploma | 69 (34.5) |
Academic | 17 (8.5) |
Husband’s education | |
Illiterate | 9 (4.5) |
High school | 104 (52.0) |
Diploma | 73 (36.5) |
Academic | 14 (7.0) |
Gravidity | |
2≤ | 141 (70.5) |
3≥ | 59 (29.5) |
History of high-risk behavior (yes) | 2 (1.0) |
Husband with a history of high-risk behavior (yes) | 9 (4.5) |
Family size Mean (SD) | 3.38 (1.4) |
Number of children Mean (SD) | 0.71 (0.8) |
Marriage duration (years) Mean (SD) | 6.10 (4.9) |
Positive HIV rapid test * | 4 (2.0) |
Positive HIV diagnosis ** | 1 (0.5) |
Husband with HIV+ *** | 1 (0.5) |
Age | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 200) | 15–25 (n = 137) | 26 ≥ (n = 63) | p-Value | |
Knowledge (yes or no) | ||||
Can HIV be transmitted from: | ||||
Hand shaking, social kissing, or hugging | 175 (87.5) | 124 (90.5) | 51 (81.0) | 0.049 |
Food or water | 119 (59.5) | 81 (59.1) | 38 (60.3) | 0.873 |
Sexual intercourse | 194 (97.0) | 132 (96.4) | 62 (98.4) | 0.427 |
Mother to her child during pregnancy | 165 (82.5) | 110 (80.3) | 55 (87.3) | 0.226 |
Mother to her child through breastfeeding | 96 (48.2) | 66 (48.2) | 30 (47.6) | 0.942 |
Can pregnant women be infected with HIV? | 152 (76.0) | 104 (75.9) | 48 (76.2) | 0.999 |
Are all babies born to HIV-positive mothers infected with HIV? | 109 (54.5) | 75 (54.7) | 34 (54.0) | 0.918 |
Does using a condom reduce the risk of HIV? | 134 (67.0) | 91 (66.4) | 43 (68.3) | 0.798 |
Is a Cesarean section recommended for HIV-positive women? | 45 (22.5) | 27 (19.7) | 18 (28.6) | 0.163 |
How can HIV RT be conducted? | 151 (75.5) | 105 (76.6) | 46 (73.0) | 0.580 |
How many times can HIV RT be carried out? | 64 (32.0) | 40 (29.2) | 24 (38.1) | 0.254 |
When is HIV RT usually done during pregnancy? | 138 (69.0) | 94 (68.6) | 44 (69.8) | 0.871 |
Is breastfeeding recommended for HIV-positive mothers? | 99 (49.5) | 70 (51.1) | 29 (46.0) | 0.506 |
Total knowledge (mean; SD) | 8.2 (2.1) | 8.1 (2.2) | 8.3 (2.1) | 0.724 |
Attitudes | ||||
Attitudes toward HIV prevention (Mean, SD) | 4.5 (0.4) | 3.9 (0.4) | 4.0 (0.4) | 0.048 b |
Attitudes toward HIV RT (Median; IQR a) | 51 (7.75) | 50 (7) | 53 (7) | 0.051 c |
Age | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Behavior (Yes) | Total (n = 200) | 15–25 (n = 137) | 26 ≥ (n = 63) | p-Value |
Were you ready to undergo HIV RT at any time? | 189 (94.5) | 60 (95.2) | 189 (94.5) | 0.756 |
Have you undergone HIV RT during pregnancy? | 195 (97.5) | 134 (97.8) | 61 (96.8) | 0.679 |
Did you inform your family of HIV RT results? | 172 (86.0) | 115 (83.9) | 57 (90.5) | 0.216 |
Husband | 167 (83.5) | 113 (82.2) | 54 (85.7) | |
Mother | 4 (2.0) | 2 (3.2) | 2 (1.5) | |
Sister or brother | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.6) | |
Have you ever participated in HIV RT counseling classes? | 23 (11.5) | 6 (9.5) | 17 (12.4) | 0.552 |
Have you ever had high-risk behavior? | 15 (7.5) | 8 (5.8) | 7 (11.1) | 0.552 |
Smoking | 10 (5.0) | 5 (3.6) | 5 (7.9) | |
Opium or drug use | 5 (2.5) | 3 (3.0) | 2 (3.1) | |
Have you ever undergone a diagnostic HIV test? | 36 (18.0) | 25 (18.2) | 11 (17.5) | 0.893 |
Will you prefer a Cesarean section for your baby if you are HIV-positive? | 83 (41.5) | 37 (58.7) | 83 (41.5) | 0.001 |
Will you take the medicine if you are HIV-positive? | 155 (77.5) | 103 (75.2) | 52 (82.5) | 0.247 |
Have you ever participated in HIV education and counseling sessions? | 51 (25.5) | 33 (24.1) | 18 (28.6) | 0.499 |
Variables | Knowledge | Attitudes | Behaviors | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |
Education level | ||||||
Illiterate | −12.6 (−18.0; −7.3) | <0.001 | 2.6 (−5.4; 10.6) | 0.524 | 0.33 (−1.8; 2.5) | 0.758 |
High school | −9.1 (−12.2; −5.9) | <0.001 | −1.14 (−5.8; 3.6) | 0.637 | −1.36 (−2.6; −0.09) | 0.036 |
Diploma | −5.6 (−8.8; −2.4) | 0.001 | −0.15 (−5.0; 4.6) | 0.949 | −0.83 (−2.2; 0.47) | 0.210 |
Academic | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
Husband’s education | ||||||
Illiterate | −6.4 (−11.8; −1.1) | 0.022 | −9.2 (−17.4; −1.1) | 0.027 | −2.3 (−4.5; −1.1) | 0.041 |
High school | −2.3 (−5.8; 1.4) | 0.210 | −4.2 (−5.4; 10.6) | 0.524 | −1.1 (−2.6; 0.29) | 0.117 |
Diploma | −2.0 (−5.6; 1.5) | 0.255 | −0.157 (−5.0; 4.6) | 0.949 | −0.76 (−2.2; 0.68) | 0.298 |
Academic | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
Age | −0.014 (−0.24; 0.21) | 0.902 | 0.118 (−0.228; 0.463) | 0.503 | 0.012 (−0.08; 0.104) | 0.805 |
Gravidity | ||||||
2≤ | −1.7 (−4.0; 0.48) | 0.122 | −1.4 (−4.8; 1.8) | 0.386 | −0.46 (−1.3; 0.45) | 0.321 |
3≥ | Ref | Ref | Ref |
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Jahangiry, L.; Aliyari, Z.; Ponnet, K. A Study on the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors of Pregnant Women Regarding HIV and Routine Rapid Testing: An Assessment in a High-Risk Marginal Area. Healthcare 2021, 9, 793. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9070793
Jahangiry L, Aliyari Z, Ponnet K. A Study on the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors of Pregnant Women Regarding HIV and Routine Rapid Testing: An Assessment in a High-Risk Marginal Area. Healthcare. 2021; 9(7):793. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9070793
Chicago/Turabian StyleJahangiry, Leila, Zahra Aliyari, and Koen Ponnet. 2021. "A Study on the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors of Pregnant Women Regarding HIV and Routine Rapid Testing: An Assessment in a High-Risk Marginal Area" Healthcare 9, no. 7: 793. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9070793