Motor Competence between Children with and without Additional Learning Needs: A Cross-Sectional Population-Level Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.2.1. The Dragon Challenge
2.2.2. Confounding Variables
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Balance Bench
3.2. Core Stability
3.3. Wobble Spot
3.4. Overarm Throw
3.5. Basketball Dribble
3.6. Underarm Throw and Catch
3.7. T-Run
3.8. Jumping Patterns
3.9. Sprint Finish
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations and Future Research
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | All | Boys | Girls | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | % | Frequency | % | Frequency | % | |
Gender | 1722 | 49.4 | 1767 | 50.6 | ||
Age | ||||||
8 years | 5 | 0.1 | 3 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.1 |
9 years | 65 | 1.9 | 40 | 2.3 | 25 | 1.4 |
10 years | 705 | 20.2 | 363 | 21.1 | 342 | 19.4 |
11 years | 2342 | 67.1 | 1136 | 66.0 | 1206 | 68.3 |
≥12 years | 372 | 10.7 | 180 | 10.5 | 192 | 10.9 |
Ethnicity | ||||||
White | 3273 | 93.8 | 1615 | 93.8 | 1658 | 93.8 |
Black | 27 | 0.8 | 12 | 0.7 | 15 | 0.8 |
Asian | 94 | 2.7 | 41 | 2.4 | 53 | 3.0 |
Mixed | 55 | 1.6 | 30 | 1.7 | 25 | 1.4 |
Other | 40 | 1.1 | 24 | 1.4 | 16 | 0.9 |
ALN | ||||||
No | 2784 | 79.8 | 1296 | 75.3 | 1488 | 84.2 |
Yes | 705 | 20.2 | 426 | 24.7 | 279 | 15.8 |
Free School Meals | ||||||
No | 2943 | 84.4 | 1442 | 83.7 | 1501 | 84.9 |
Yes | 546 | 15.6 | 280 | 16.3 | 266 | 15.1 |
Balance Bench | Core Agility | Wobble Spot | Overarm Throw | Basketball Dribble | Underarm Throw and Catch | T-Run | Jumping Patterns | Sprint Finish | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | % | M | SD | % | M | SD | % | M | SD | % | M | SD | % | M | SD | % | M | SD | % | M | SD | % | M | SD | % | |
All (3489) | 2.22 | 1.55 | 38.7 | 2.34 | 1.38 | 24.8 | 2.09 | 1.92 | 47.9 | 2.28 | 1.42 | 30.5 | 2.64 | 1.54 | 46.4 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 31.4 | 2.00 | 1.55 | 21.6 | 2.73 | 1.51 | 49.4 | 3.42 | 0.88 | 62.6 |
Boys (1722) | 2.14 | 1.55 | 36.4 | 2.18 | 1.39 | 20.3 | 2.08 | 1.92 | 47.1 | 2.67 | 1.32 | 41.9 | 2.91 | 1.46 | 57.1 | 2.05 | 1.72 | 40.0 | 2.03 | 1.56 | 23.2 | 2.66 | 1.55 | 48.7 | 3.50 | 0.83 | 67.2 |
Girls (1767) | 2.29 | 1.54 | 40.9 | 2.50 | 1.35 | 29.1 | 2.10 | 1.93 | 48.7 | 1.90 | 1.40 | 19.4 | 2.38 | 1.58 | 36.0 | 1.35 | 1.61 | 23.1 | 1.96 | 1.55 | 20.0 | 2.80 | 1.46 | 50.1 | 3.35 | 0.91 | 58.1 |
White (3273) | 2.23 | 1.55 | 39.2 | 2.35 | 1.38 | 25.5 | 2.11 | 1.92 | 48.4 | 2.29 | 1.41 | 30.9 | 2.65 | 1.54 | 46.6 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 31.4 | 2.00 | 1.56 | 21.9 | 2.75 | 1.50 | 50.4 | 3.44 | 0.86 | 63.4 |
Black (27) | 2.63 | 1.45 | 44.4 | 2.37 | 1.12 | 14.8 | 2.11 | 1.93 | 48.1 | 2.26 | 1.40 | 25.9 | 2.59 | 1.65 | 51.9 | 1.26 | 1.63 | 22.2 | 2.48 | 1.63 | 37.0 | 2.70 | 1.49 | 44.4 | 3.41 | 1.15 | 70.4 |
Asian (94) | 1.84 | 1.53 | 29.8 | 2.04 | 1.32 | 12.8 | 1.52 | 1.89 | 35.1 | 2.05 | 1.34 | 21.3 | 2.27 | 1.63 | 35.1 | 1.61 | 1.72 | 30.9 | 1.79 | 1.42 | 10.6 | 1.96 | 1.49 | 23.4 | 2.93 | 1.08 | 38.3 |
Mixed (55) | 2.05 | 1.52 | 30.9 | 2.47 | 1.20 | 18.2 | 1.82 | 1.98 | 43.6 | 2.13 | 1.52 | 30.9 | 2.80 | 1.60 | 54.5 | 1.95 | 1.70 | 36.4 | 2.24 | 1.54 | 25.5 | 2.91 | 1.32 | 47.3 | 3.33 | 0.86 | 52.7 |
Other (40) | 1.88 | 1.49 | 27.5 | 2.10 | 1.26 | 15 | 1.90 | 1.95 | 42.5 | 2.13 | 1.44 | 25.0 | 2.65 | 1.44 | 42.5 | 1.70 | 1.71 | 32.5 | 1.58 | 1.39 | 7.5 | 2.58 | 1.50 | 42.5 | 3.33 | 1.05 | 60.0 |
Free School Meals = No (2943) | 2.23 | 1.55 | 39.2 | 2.39 | 1.37 | 26.1 | 2.12 | 1.92 | 48.5 | 2.28 | 1.42 | 30.6 | 2.64 | 1.54 | 46.0 | 1.71 | 1.69 | 31.5 | 2.04 | 1.55 | 22.6 | 2.77 | 1.50 | 50.6 | 3.45 | 0.86 | 64.3 |
Free School Meals = Yes (546) | 2.12 | 1.54 | 36.1 | 2.08 | 1.39 | 17.8 | 1.94 | 1.93 | 44.7 | 2.30 | 1.41 | 30.0 | 2.64 | 1.56 | 48.7 | 1.61 | 1.74 | 31.3 | 1.75 | 1.55 | 16.1 | 2.55 | 1.55 | 43.2 | 3.26 | 0.96 | 53.5 |
ALN = No (2784) | 2.27 | 1.54 | 40.0 | 2.43 | 1.36 | 26.9 | 2.19 | 1.92 | 50.5 | 2.31 | 1.41 | 30.6 | 2.70 | 1.51 | 47.1 | 1.71 | 1.70 | 31.8 | 2.02 | 1.55 | 22.1 | 2.82 | 1.47 | 51.9 | 3.47 | 0.84 | 64.5 |
ALN = Yes (705) | 2.02 | 1.58 | 33.5 | 2.01 | 1.39 | 16.3 | 1.69 | 1.89 | 37.4 | 2.20 | 1.44 | 29.9 | 2.42 | 1.64 | 43.7 | 1.65 | 1.69 | 29.9 | 1.89 | 1.55 | 19.9 | 2.37 | 1.60 | 39.6 | 3.23 | 1.00 | 55.2 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Balance Bench | 4658.836 | 4632.459 | 4619.820 | 4620.687 | 4617.389 | 4619.981 |
Core Agility | 3910.001 | 3775.699 | 3715.943 | 3709.362 | 3714.668 | 3708.826 |
Wobble Spot | 4832.631 | 4728.511 | 4678.374 | 4681.959 | 4681.005 | 4681.185 |
Overarm Throw | 4293.612 | 4226.323 | 4011.409 | 4011.785 | 4015.564 | 4012.960 |
Basketball Dribble | 4821.041 | 4721.006 | 4517.451 | 4517.538 | 4520.416 | 4518.480 |
Underarm Throw and Catch | 4346.470 | 4311.087 | 4193.697 | 4191.132 | 4195.619 | 4194.462 |
T-Run | 3644.146 | 3394.667 | 3375.390 | 3374.976 | 3373.000 | 3375.917 |
Jumping Patterns | 4838.390 | 4625.221 | 4599.997 | 4600.737 | 4603.652 | 4601.199 |
Sprint Finish | 4614.999 | 4384.170 | 4326.726 | 4329.427 | 4326.539 | 4329.327 |
Balance Bench | Core Agility | Wobble Spot | Overarm Throw | Basketball Dribble | Underarm Throw and Catch | T-Run | Jumping Patterns | Sprint Finish | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Decimal Age | 0.92 a | 1.20 c | 1.29 c | 1.27 c | 1.35 c | 1.16 c | 1.42 c | 1.07 a | 1.17 c |
Ethnicity_Asian | 0.65 a | 0.43 b | 0.63 b | 0.68 | 0.50 c | 0.87 | 0.64 | 0.38 c | 0.44 c |
Ethnicity_Black | 1.27 | 0.45 | 1.42 | 0.79 | 0.82 | 0.50 | 4.38 c | 1.09 | 2.00 |
Ethnicity_Mixed | 0.66 | 0.63 | 0.76 | 1.01 | 1.20 | 1.13 | 1.31 | 0.94 | 0.69 |
Ethnicity_Other | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.81 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.91 | 0.25 b | 0.92 | 0.94 |
Free School Meal | 1.11 | 1.40 b | 1.03 | 1.05 | 0.86 | 1.02 | 1.43 b | 1.19 a | 1.40 b |
ALN | 1.35 c | 1.65 c | 1.91 c | 1.29 b | 1.49 c | 1.25 b | 1.34 b | 1.58 c | 1.47 c |
Sex | 1.19 b | 1.64 c | 1.03 | 0.31 c | 0.38 c | 0.43 c | 0.84 a | 1.07 | 0.65 c |
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Richards, A.B.; Barker, H.G.; Williams, E.; Swindell, N.; Mackintosh, K.A.; Tyler, R.; Griffiths, L.J.; Foweather, L.; Stratton, G. Motor Competence between Children with and without Additional Learning Needs: A Cross-Sectional Population-Level Study. Children 2023, 10, 1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10091537
Richards AB, Barker HG, Williams E, Swindell N, Mackintosh KA, Tyler R, Griffiths LJ, Foweather L, Stratton G. Motor Competence between Children with and without Additional Learning Needs: A Cross-Sectional Population-Level Study. Children. 2023; 10(9):1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10091537
Chicago/Turabian StyleRichards, Amie B., Harriet G. Barker, Emily Williams, Nils Swindell, Kelly A. Mackintosh, Richard Tyler, Lucy J. Griffiths, Lawrence Foweather, and Gareth Stratton. 2023. "Motor Competence between Children with and without Additional Learning Needs: A Cross-Sectional Population-Level Study" Children 10, no. 9: 1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10091537