Health-Related Quality of Life and Mental Health of Parents of Children with Pediatric Abdominal Tumors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Variables and Instruments
2.3. Participants
2.4. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Characterstics of the Study Population
3.2. Differences in Psychosocial Variables between Parents of Children with Solid Abdominal Tumor, Control Group and Normative Samples
3.3. Correlation Analyses
3.4. Predictors for Psychosocial Outcomes in Parents of Children with Solid Abdominal Tumors
4. Discussion
5. Study Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Index Group (a) (n = 54 Families) | Control Group (b) (n = 46 Families) | Differences a vs. b | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | M | SD | M | SD | p |
Patient’s age (years) | 8.45 | 3.3 | 9.51 | 4.48 | 0.201 |
Mother’s age (years) | 41.39 | 4.95 | 40.28 | 6.78 | 0.444 |
Father’s age (years) | 42.81 | 3.2 | 47.13 | 6.79 | 0.021 |
Number of children mothers | 2.13 | 1.18 | 2.07 | 0.75 | 0.795 |
Number of children fathers | 2.14 | 1.46 | 2.24 | 1.02 | 0.775 |
Time since initial diagnosis (years) | 5.50 | 2.54 | - | - | |
Time since first surgery (years) | 5.37 | 2.54 | - | - | |
Parents | n | % | n | % | |
Parent’s gender (mothers/ fathers) | 48/22 | 88.9/40.1 | 43/29 | 93.5/63.0 | |
Marital status (mothers/ fathers) | 0.737/0.478 | ||||
Married/ Living together | 40/20 | 83.3/91.0 | 34/26 | 79.0/89.6 | |
Single | 6/1 | 12.5/4.5 | 6/1 | 14.0/3.4 | |
Divorced | 2/1 | 4.2/4.5 | 3/1 | 7.0/3.4 | |
Not stated | 0.0/0.0 | 0/1 | 0.0/3.4 | ||
Education (mothers/ fathers) | 0.712/0.942 | ||||
Lower-middle education | 17/9 | 35.4/40.9 | 15/11 | 34.9/37.9 | |
Higher education | 29/12 | 60.4/54.6 | 26/16 | 60.5/55.2 | |
Not stated | 2/1 | 4.2/4.5 | 2/2 | 4.6/6.9 | |
Employment 1 (mothers/ fathers) | 0.139/0.666 | ||||
Fully employed | 7/17 | 14.6/77.3 | 14/25 | 32.6/86.2 | |
Partly employed | 29/5 | 60.4/22.7 | 22/3 | 51.2/10.3 | |
No employment | 4/0 | 8.3/0.0 | 6/1 | 13.9/3.5 | |
Not stated | 8/0 | 16.7/0.0 | 1/0 | 2.3/0.0 | |
Patients | n | % | n | % | |
Patient’s gender | 0.007 | ||||
Female | 32 | 59.3 | 15 | 32.6 | |
Male | 22 | 40.7 | 31 | 67.4 | |
Patient receives level of care 2 | <0.001 | ||||
Yes | 22 | 46.3 | 4 | 8.7 | |
No | 25 | 40.7 | 36 | 78.3 | |
No data | 7 | 13.0 | 6 | 13.0 | |
Patient solid abdominal tumors | |||||
Neuroblastoma | 24 | 44.4 | - | - | |
Nephroblastoma | 22 | 40.7 | - | - | |
Hepatoblastoma | 6 | 11.1 | - | - | |
Rhabdoid Tumor | 2 | 3.7 | - | - | |
Others | 0 | 0 | - | - | |
Children control group diseases | |||||
Hernia | - | - | 3 | 6.5 | |
Fimosis | - | - | 2 | 4.3 | |
Median Neck Cyst | - | - | 0 | 0 | |
Bone Fracture | - | - | 21 | 45.7 | |
Testicular Malposition | - | - | 0 | 0 | |
Others | - | - | 20 | 43.5 |
Index Group (a) | Control Group (b) | Normative Data (c) | Differencesa vs. b | Differencesa vs. c | Effect Sizea vs. b | Effect Size a vs. c | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | p | p | d | d | |
Mothers | ||||||||||
HRQoL (EQ5D Index Value) | 0.83 | 0.13 | 0.88 | 0.10 | 0.93 | 0.11 | 0.031 | <0.001 | −0.448 | −0.730 |
Mental health Total Score (BSI) | 6.02 | 7.59 | 4.44 | 5.45 | 5.07 | 7.80 | 0.280 | 0.400 | 0.237 | 0.125 |
Depression(PHQ-9) | 5.00 | 4.77 | 4.92 | 4.06 | 3.10 | 3.50 | 0.937 | 0.010 | 0.017 | 0.398 |
Anxiety (GAD-7) | 5.02 | 4.27 | 4.10 | 3.65 | 4.07 | 3.53 | 0.285 | 0.141 | 0.232 | 0.223 |
Social Support (OSSS-3) | 10.46 | 2.20 | 11.00 | 2.26 | 10.34 | 2.20 | 0.257 | 0.721 | −0.244 | 0.053 |
Parental Burden (IoFS) | 2.12 | 0.36 | 1.97 | 0.39 | - | - | 0.056 | - | 0.411 | - |
Fathers | ||||||||||
HRQoL (EQ5D Index Value) | 0.83 | 0.15 | 0.90 | 0.06 | 0.94 | 0.53 | 0.004 | <0.001 | −0.600 | −0.728 |
Mental health Total Score (BSI) | 5.52 | 12.24 | 2.52 | 2.59 | 4.19 | 6.9 | 0.203 | 0.607 | 0.360 | 0.109 |
Depression (PHQ-9) | 3.91 | 5.31 | 2.78 | 2.46 | 2.70 | 3.50 | 0.329 | 0.298 | 0.283 | 0.228 |
Anxiety (GAD-7) | 3.09 | 4.31 | 2.32 | 2.11 | 3.01 | 3.12 | 0.411 | 0.932 | 0.233 | 0.018 |
Social Support (OSSS-3) | 10.30 | 2.42 | 10.90 | 1.80 | 10.50 | 2.20 | 0.316 | 0.702 | −0.283 | −0.081 |
Parental Burden (IoFS) | 2.20 | 0.47 | 1.80 | 0.34 | - | - | <0.001 | - | 1.000 | - |
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mothers (n = 48) | |||||||
1. Age of child | - | ||||||
2. Time since initial surgery | 0.560 (<0.001) | - | |||||
3. Level of care | −0.346 (0.020) | −0.274 (0.062) | - | ||||
4. Social Support (OSSS-3) | 0.109 (0.481) | 0.312 (0.035) | −0.345 (0.020) | - | |||
5. Parental Burden (IoFS) | −0.243 (0.107) | −0.204 (0.169) | 0.349 (0.017) | −0.137 (0.371) | - | ||
6. HRQoL (EQ-5D) | 0.229 (0.130) | 0.246 (0.096) | −0.297 (0.038) | 0.433 (0.003) | −0.110 (.465) | - | |
7. Mental Health (BSI-18) | -0.086 (0.581) | −0.287 (0.053) | 0.269 (0.074) | −0.517 (<0.001) | 0.121 (0.430) | −0.703 (<0.001) | - |
M | 8.38 | 5.46 | 0.44 | 10.46 | 2.12 | 0.83 | 6.02 |
SD | 3.28 | 2.57 | 0.5 | 2.19 | 0.36 | 0.13 | 7.59 |
Fathers (n = 22) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
1. Age of child | - | ||||||
2. Time since initial surgery | 0.739 (<0.001) | - | |||||
3. Level of care | −0.271 (0.310) | −0.203 (0.378) | - | ||||
4. Social Support (OSSS-3) | −0.035 (0.895) | −0.133 (0.546) | −0.210 (0.362) | - | |||
5. Parental Burden (IoFS) | 0.008 (0.975) | −0.119 (0.587) | 0.275 (0.227) | −0.290 (0.180) | - | ||
6. HRQoL (EQ-5D) | −0.184 (0.480) | −0.151 (0.492) | −0.429 (0.002) | 0.592 (0.003) | −0.248 (0.253) | - | |
7. Mental Health (BSI-18) | 0.085 (0.747) | 0.199 (0.362) | 0.408 (0.066) | −0.672 (<0.001) | 0.347 (0.105) | −0.899 (<0.001) | - |
M | 8.06 | 5.17 | 0.4 | 10.3 | 2.2 | 0.83 | 5.52 |
SD | 2.89 | 2.42 | 0.501 | 2.42 | 0.46 | 0.14 | 12.23 |
Constant | Age | Time since Initial Surgery | Level of Care | Social Support | Parental Burden | R2 | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | 95% CI | p | b | 95% CI | p | b | 95% CI | p | b | 95% CI | p | b | 95% CI | p | b | 95% CI | p | b | p | |
Mothers | ||||||||||||||||||||
HRQoL | 0.432 | [0.026, 0.839] | 0.038 | 0.006 | [−0.011, 0.022] | .502 | −0.001 | [−0.023, 0.021] | 0.947 | −0.026 | [−0.128, 0.075] | 0.599 | 0.029 | [0.006, 0.051] | 0.013 | 0.024 | [−0.120, 0.167] | 0.739 | 0.133 | 0.069 |
mental health | 24.082 | [1.250, 46.914] | 0.039 | 0.280 | [−0.646, 1.206] | .542 | −0.529 | [−1.795, 0.737] | 0.402 | 1.125 | [−4.504, 6.754] | 0.687 | −1.596 | [−2.922, −0.271] | 0.020 | −0.313 | [−8.241, 7.615] | 0.937 | 0.170 | 0.043 |
Fathers | ||||||||||||||||||||
HRQoL | 0.709 | [0.296, 1.122] | 0.003 | −0.043 | [−0.076, 0.010] | 0.015 | 0.039 | [0.001, 0.077] | 0.045 | −0.251 | [−0.376, −0.125] | 0.001 | 0.011 | [−0.016, 0.038] | 0.380 | 0.116 | [−0.023, 0.255] | 0.092 | 0.626 | 0.008 |
mental health | 18.871 | [−10.123, 47.865] | 0.178 | 1.601 | [−0.701, 3.902] | 0.152 | −2.090 | [−4.768, 0.589] | 0.113 | 8.135 | [−0.675, 16.946] | 0.067 | −1.347 | [−3.210, 0.516] | 0.138 | −1.808 | [−11.568, 7.951] | 0.688 | 0.414 | 0.059 |
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Zierke, K.; Boettcher, M.; Behrendt, P.; Najem, S.; Zapf, H.; Reinshagen, K.; Wößmann, W.; Boettcher, J. Health-Related Quality of Life and Mental Health of Parents of Children with Pediatric Abdominal Tumors. Children 2024, 11, 998. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11080998
Zierke K, Boettcher M, Behrendt P, Najem S, Zapf H, Reinshagen K, Wößmann W, Boettcher J. Health-Related Quality of Life and Mental Health of Parents of Children with Pediatric Abdominal Tumors. Children. 2024; 11(8):998. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11080998
Chicago/Turabian StyleZierke, Kira, Michael Boettcher, Paulina Behrendt, Safiullah Najem, Holger Zapf, Konrad Reinshagen, Wilhelm Wößmann, and Johannes Boettcher. 2024. "Health-Related Quality of Life and Mental Health of Parents of Children with Pediatric Abdominal Tumors" Children 11, no. 8: 998. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11080998