Parental Knowledge about Allergies and Problems with an Elimination Diet in Children Aged 3 to 6 Years
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Study Group
3.2. Parental Knowledge about Allergy Management
3.3. Problems with Adherence to an Elimination Diet in Food Allergies
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Total | Gender | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male n [%] | Female n [%] | |||
Age | ||||
3–4 years | 93 | 44 [47.31%] | 49 [52.69%] | <0.05 |
5–6 years | 104 | 36 [34.61%] | 68 [65.39%] | <0.05 |
Age at diagnosis (in months) | 9.4 ± 5.7 | 9.2 ± 5.5 | 9.7 ± 5.9 | >0.05 |
Type of allergy * | ||||
Food allergy, including: | 105 | 43 [40.9%] | 62 [59.1%] | <0.05 |
Cow’s-milk protein | 46 | 21 [45.6%] | 25 [54.4%] | <0.05 |
Chicken-egg whites | 29 | 10 [34.5%] | 19 [65.5%] | <0.05 |
Soy | 23 | 11 [47.8%] | 12 [52.2%] | >0.05 |
Small-seeded fruits | 22 | 13 [59.1%] | 9 [40.9%] | <0.05 |
Citrus fruits | 20 | 14 [70%] | 6 [30%] | <0.05 |
Nuts | 17 | 5 [29.4%] | 12 [70.6%] | <0.05 |
Cacao | 15 | 7 [46.7%] | 8 [53.3%] | >0.05 |
Honey | 11 | 3 [27.3%] | 8 [72.7%] | <0.05 |
Food dyes | 10 | 7 [70%] | 3 [30%] | <0.05 |
Celery | 6 | 4 [66.7%] | 2 [33.3%] | <0.05 |
Fish | 6 | 3 [50%] | 3 [50%] | >0.05 |
Inhaled (airborne) allergy, including: | 145 | 56 [38.8%] | 89 [61.2%] | <0.005 |
House-dust mites | 91 | 44 [48.4%] | 47 [51.6%] | >0.05 |
Birch pollen | 84 | 37 [44%] | 47 [56%] | <0.05 |
Hazel pollen | 72 | 51 [70.8%] | 21 [29.2%] | <0.005 |
Grass pollen | 70 | 37 [52.9%] | 33 [47.1%] | >0.05 |
Mugwort pollen | 34 | 17 [50%] | 17 [50%] | >0.05 |
Other | 56 | 24 [42.9%] | 32 [57.1%] | <0.05 |
Contact dermatitis, including: | 58 | 21 [36.2%] | 37 [63.8%] | <0.005 |
Dog or cat hair | 43 | 24 [55.8%] | 19 [44.2%] | <0.05 |
Hair of other animals | 27 | 11 [40.7%] | 16 [59.3%] | <0.05 |
Ears of cereals | 11 | 3 [27.3%] | 8 [72.7%] | <0.005 |
Allergies in the family | ||||
None | 57 | 19 [33.3%] | 38 [66.7%] | <0.005 |
One parent | 54 | 27 [50%] | 27 [50%] | >0.05 |
Both parents | 47 | 25 [53.2%] | 22 [46.8%] | >0.05 |
Other family members | 39 | 9 [23.1%] | 30 [76.9%] | <0.005 |
Child’s Age (Ref. 5–6 Years) 3–4 Years | Child’s Gender (Ref. Girls) Boys | Allergies in the Family (Ref. No Allergies in the Family) | Allergy Diagnosed by a Pediatrician or Other Specialist (Ref. Allergist) | Allergy Skin Test (Ref. Serology Test) | Applied Treatment—Steroids (Ref. Antihistamines) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Contact dermatitis: skin redness, erythema, pruritus, urticaria, eczema | 1.45 * (1.24–1.77) | 1.12 (1.03–1.29) | 1.04 (0.96–1.12) | 0.84 * (0.72–1.05) | 1.36 * (1.22–1.59) | 0.71 * (0.62–0.89) |
Contact dermatitis: atopic dermatitis | 1.74 ** (1.33–1.89) | 1.07 (0.88–1.23) | 0.78 * (0.64–0.93) | 1.37 * (1.19–1.51) | 0.71 * (0.62–0.89) | 1.87 ** (1.42–2.06) |
Oral allergy: itchiness or swelling of lips/tongue/throat, laryngeal edema, globus sensation | 1.07 (0.96–1.27) | 0.94 (0.88–1.07) | 1.11 (1.02–1.26) | 1.10 (1.01–1.24) | 0.75 * (0.67–0.91) | 0.63 ** (0.51–0.83) |
Gastrointestinal allergy: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gas, gastroesophageal reflux | 0.74 * (0.62–1.02) | 1.29 * (1.17–1.40) | 1.05 (0.99–1.17) | 1.14 (0.97–1.20) | 1.08 (0.94–1.20) | 0.47 ** (0.32–0.70) |
Upper-respiratory-tract reactions: nasal pruritus, sneezing, nasal/postnasal drip, cough, hoarseness, tightness in the chest, wheezing, dyspnea | 1.11 (1.02–1.24) | 1.06 (0.94–1.18) | 1.39 * (1.26–1.57) | 1.84 ** (1.29–2.09) | 1.76 ** (1.54–1.89) | 1.57 ** (1.24–1.86) |
Cardiovascular reactions: dizziness, hypotension, loss of consciousness | 1.03 (0.93–1.11) | 0.76 * (0.64–0.89) | 1.03 (0.92–1.14) | 1.77 ** (1.23–1.89) | 1.12 (0.96–1.34) | 1.05 (1.01–1.08) |
Anaphylaxis | 0.72 * (0.65–0.91) | 1.18 (1.06–1.32) | 0.54 ** (0.41–0.76) | 1.34 * (1.11–1.45) | 0.71 * (058–0.88) | 1.02 (0.95–1.08) |
Other: skin pallor, diaphoresis, fatigue, retarded growth, etc. | 1.04 (0.89–1.10) | 0.95 (0.82–1.11) | 1.03 (0.94–1.09) | 1.07 (0.91–1.15) | 1.09 (1.01–1.24) | 1.04 (0.91–1.12) |
Total Sample | CHILD’S AGE | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Parents of 3–4-Year-Olds | Parents of 5–6-Year-Olds | p | ||
Mean score | 9.8 | 10.6 | 9.1 | * |
Upper tertile | 49 | 27 | 22 | * |
Middle tertile | 81 | 48 | 33 | * |
Bottom tertile | 67 | 18 | 49 | ** |
Allergy type | ||||
Food | 10.5 | 11.2 | 9.6 | ** |
Cow’s-milk protein | 10.9 | 11.7 | 9.3 | ** |
Chicken-egg whites | 9.4 | 9.2 | 9.7 | |
Inhaled | 9.7 | 9.2 | 9.9 | |
House-dust mites | 9.5 | 9.3 | 9.7 | |
Pollen of trees | 10.8 | 9.2 | 11.0 | ** |
Contact dermatitis | 8.4 | 8.6 | 8.0 | * |
Dog or cat hair | 8.5 | 8.3 | 8.6 | |
Allergies in the family | ||||
None | 7.8 | 7.6 | 8.1 | |
One parent | 9.6 | 9.4 | 9.7 | |
Both parents | 11.8 | 12.4 | 11.1 | ** |
Other family members | 9.7 | 9.1 | 10.6 | ** |
Children’s age at diagnosis (in months) | ||||
Under 6 months | 11.3 | 11.9 | 10.7 | * |
Over 6 months | 9.7 | 10.4 | 9.5 | * |
Parental age | ||||
<35 years | 9.7 | 10.2 | 9.1 | * |
>35 years | 9.9 | 10.5 | 9.4 | * |
Parental education | ||||
Primary/vocational | 7.6 | 7.4 | 7.6 | |
Secondary | 8.5 | 8.7 | 8.3 | |
University | 11.6 | 12.7 | 11.1 | ** |
Employment | ||||
Unemployed/on prolonged leave | 9.1 | 9.3 | 9.0 | |
Employed | 10.5 | 11.2 | 10.3 | * |
Allergy to 1 Food Item | Allergy to 2–4 Food Items | Allergy to Numerous Food Items | |
---|---|---|---|
Allergenic foods were eliminated from the diet for more than 6 months (ref. for 3 months or less). | 1.08 (0.84–1.19) | 1.39 * (1.20–1.54) | 1.89 ** (1.33–2.19) |
The elimination diet was recommended by a pediatrician and consulted with a dietician (ref. the elimination diet was recommended by a pediatrician, but not consulted with a dietician). | 1.02 (0.89–1.16) | 1.13 (1.02–1.24) | 1.36 * (1.11–1.57) |
Allergenic foods were replaced with safe substitutes to minimize the loss of nutrients (ref. safe substitutes were not used). | 1.09 (1.01–1.23) | 0.81 * (0.67–0.96) | 1.54 * (1.39–1.78) |
When shopping for food, I always read food allergen labels (ref. I sporadically read food allergen labels). | 1.13 (0.97–1.24) | 1.36 * (1.09–1.57) | 1.79 ** (1.41–2.27) |
I always buy a different product if a given food product contains allergenic ingredients (ref. I sporadically buy other food products). | 074 * (0.63–0.91) | 1.05 (0.93–1.27) | 1.38 * (1.22–1.59) |
I often buy food products that may contain trace amounts of allergenic ingredients (ref. I never buy such products). | 1.04 (0.93–1.15) | 1.30 * (1.19–1.43) | 0.51 ** (0.41–0.72) |
Frequent consumption of small amounts of allergenic foods does not pose a health threat (ref. both sporadic and frequent consumption of allergenic foods is dangerous for the child). | 1.37 * (1.15–1.49) | 1.08 (1.01–1.14) | 1.14 (1.03–1.26) |
Parental Education—Primary Education (Ref. University Education) | Parental Age—>35 Years (Ref. <35 Years) | Allergies in the Family (Ref. No Allergies in the Immediate Family) | Parental Knowledge—Parents in the Bottom Tertile (Ref. Parents in the Upper Tertile) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
The elimination diet was recommended by a pediatrician and consulted with a dietician. | 0.59 ** (0.51–0.68) | 1.07 (0.96–1.11) | 1.03 (0.94–1.14) | 0.74 * (0.69–0.93) |
Allergenic foods are replaced with safe substitutes to minimize the loss of nutrients. | 1.34 * (1.27–1.56) | 1.09 (1.01–1.17) | 0.91 (0.82–1.04) | 1.49 * (1.23–1.65) |
When shopping for food, I always read food allergen labels. | 0.77 * (0.54–0.91) | 1.39 * (1.21–1.56) | 0.96 (0.84–1.07) | 1.31 * (1.25–1.48) |
I sporadically buy other food products than those with listed ingredients. | 1.21 * (1.03–1.37) | 1.11 (0.94–1.27) | 0.82 * (0.73–0.97) | 1.13 (0.94–1.21) |
I often buy food products that may contain trace amounts of allergenic ingredients. | 1.11 (0.95–1.28) | 1.27 * (1.12–1.42) | 1.04 (0.92–1.23) | 0.74 * (0.61–0.93) |
Foods consumed outside the home setting are not safe because they often contain allergens. | 1.54 * (1.27–1.87) | 1.14 (0.96–1.27) | 0.92 (0.76–1.09) | 1.76 ** (1.54–1.89) |
Both sporadic and frequent consumption of allergens is dangerous for the child. | 0.88 (0.69–1.04) | 0.76 * (0.61–0.95) | 1.09 (0.91–1.25) | 0.59 ** (0.41–0.78) |
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Kostecka, M.; Kostecka-Jarecka, J.; Kostecka, J.; Iłowiecka, K.; Kolasa, K.; Gutowska, G.; Sawic, M. Parental Knowledge about Allergies and Problems with an Elimination Diet in Children Aged 3 to 6 Years. Children 2022, 9, 1693. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111693
Kostecka M, Kostecka-Jarecka J, Kostecka J, Iłowiecka K, Kolasa K, Gutowska G, Sawic M. Parental Knowledge about Allergies and Problems with an Elimination Diet in Children Aged 3 to 6 Years. Children. 2022; 9(11):1693. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111693
Chicago/Turabian StyleKostecka, Malgorzata, Joanna Kostecka-Jarecka, Julianna Kostecka, Katarzyna Iłowiecka, Katarzyna Kolasa, Gabriela Gutowska, and Magdalena Sawic. 2022. "Parental Knowledge about Allergies and Problems with an Elimination Diet in Children Aged 3 to 6 Years" Children 9, no. 11: 1693. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111693