Currently Applied Extraction Processes for Secondary Metabolites from Lippia turbinata and Turnera diffusa and Future Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Traditional Extraction Methods
2.1. Hydrodistillation
2.2. Infusion
2.3. Reflux
2.4. Soxhlet Extractor
2.5. Maceration
Extract | Method | Solvent | Conditions | Yield | Main Results | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Turnera diffusa | ||||||
Oil | Distillation | H2O | 1:15 w/v, 1.5 h in a CTA | 10.9 ± 6.0 μL/g of plant | 1,8-cineole (17.20 ± 8.56%), 10-epi γ eudesmol (4.54 ± 0.49%), oplopenone (3.63 ± 0.37%) and aristolene (3.47 ±1.17%) | [56] |
1:3 w/v ratio, 1.5 L/leaves and stems in a CTA | 0.158 mL/g of plant | 1,8-cineole; Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-3-ol, 6,6-dimethyl-2-methylene; Bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-en-6-one, 2,7,7-trimethyl and 1,4-Methanocycloocta[d]pyridazine, 1,4,4a,5,6,9,10,10a-octahydro-11,11-dimethyl-, (1à,4à,4aà,10aà) | [57] | |||
500 g leaves/1 h in a CTA | Approximately 0.002 mL/g of plant | 1,8-cineole (7.1%) and thymol (5.1%) | [58] | |||
TPP | Infusion | MetOH | 1:10 w/v ratio,28 °C/24 h/ 250 rpm | 0.410 ± 0.0039 mg/g of plant | 0.0080 mg/g of TFC. SRSA and ion chelation were higher in MetOH extract, and the phagocytosis activity increased in those leukocytes stimulated | [59] |
H2O | 1.22.5 w/v ratio,60 °C/1 h stirred | 33.85 mg/g of plant | 72.32% of ABTS•+ inhibition; FRAP 21.33 mg GA/g | [57] | ||
MetOH: H2O | Percolation overnight | NR | Sexually potent and sexually sluggish/impotent male rats were treated orally with different amounts. | [60] | ||
Reflux | EtOH | 2 g/80 °C/3 h | 590 ± 16.4 mg/g of plant | 236.27 ± 0.36 mg GAE/dw of TPC and 377.21 ± 0.08 mg Trolox/dw | [39] | |
EtOH 70% | 1:4 w/v ratio, 60 °C/2 h | 96.4 ± 31.1 mg/g of plant | 9.64 ± 3.11 mg GAE/g; 76.03% to 91.96% DPPH inhibition; 65% in the LOI and 50% in ABTS•+. Quercetin was identified. | [61] | ||
Soxhlet | EtOH 50% | 1.66.6 w/v | 409 ± 12.1 mg/g of plant | 161.62 ± 0.12 mg GAE/dw of TPC and 186.62 ± 0.007 mg Trolox/dw | [39] | |
Lippia turbinata | ||||||
Oil | Distillation | H2O | 100 g/3 h in a CTA | 10.2 ± 1.1 μL/g of plant | Limonene was the main component. TPC 14.03 ± 0.12 mg GAE/100 g fresh vegetal material | [11] |
Distillation | H2O | 100 g/3 h in a CTA | 10.2 μL/g of plant | Limonene (48.83%), β-caryophyllene epoxide (18.06%), and piperitenone (7.67%) | [14] | |
Distillation | H2O | 2 h in a CTA | NR | α-Thujone (48.3%), Carvone (17.4%), β-Caryophyllene (10.0%), Limonene (3.5%), α-Copaene (3.1%) | [16] | |
Distillation | H2O | 2 h in a CTA | NR | (4R)(+)-Pulegone (3.56%) | [62] | |
Distillation | H2O | Using a CTA | NR | Limonene (60.8%), Bornyl acetate (8.2%) and Eucarvone (5.8%) | [63] | |
NR | NR | MeOH-CH2Cl2 (1:1) | NR | NR | Four novel triterpenoids 3β,25-epoxy-3α,21α-dihydroxy-22β-(3-methylbut-2-en-1- oyloxy)olean-12-ene-28-oic acid (1); 3β,25-epoxy-3α,21α-dihydroxy-22β-angeloyloxyolean-12-ene-28-oic acid (2); 3β,25-epoxy-3α,21α-dihydroxy-22β-tigloyloxyolean-12-ene-28-oic acid (3); and 3α,25-epoxy-3α-hydroxy- 22β-(2-methylbutan-1-oyloxy)olean-12-ene-28-oic acid (4) | [64] |
TPP | Maceration | EtOH 50% | 1:5 w/v, 24 h Rotavapor 70 °C | NR | Gastroprotective and antispasmodic activity was evaluated. | [55] |
2.6. The Most Important Compounds Identified and Their Properties
3. Ecofriendly Extraction Methods Used for Lippia turbinata and Turnera diffusa
3.1. Microwave Assisted Extraction
3.2. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
4. Other Ecofriendly Extraction Methods Used to Extract Essential Oils and Antioxidants
5. Preconcentration and Purification of Essential Oils
6. Concluding Remarks
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Extract | Method | Solvent | Conditions | Yield | Main Results | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oil | MAE | H2O | 2.45 GHz, 800 W/30 min | 7 μL/g of plant | Drima-7,9(11)-diene (22.9%), β-viridiflorene (6.6%), α-silinene (5.9%), valencene (5.5%) | [105] |
TPP | MAE | H2O | 2.75 g/300 W/220 rpm/50 °C/15 min | 606 ± 15.8 mg/g of plant | 239.52 ± 0.31 mg GAE/dw of TPC and 116.24 ± 0.08 mg Trolox/dw | [39] |
UAE | EtOH 50% | 2 g/40 °C | 516 ± 16.7 mg/g of plant | 203.96 ± 0.35 mg GAE/dw of TPC and 201.94 ± 0.07 mg Trolox/dw | [39] |
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Martínez-Ávila, G.C.G.; Aguilar-Zarate, P.; Rojas, R. Currently Applied Extraction Processes for Secondary Metabolites from Lippia turbinata and Turnera diffusa and Future Perspectives. Separations 2021, 8, 158. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8090158
Martínez-Ávila GCG, Aguilar-Zarate P, Rojas R. Currently Applied Extraction Processes for Secondary Metabolites from Lippia turbinata and Turnera diffusa and Future Perspectives. Separations. 2021; 8(9):158. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8090158
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartínez-Ávila, Guillermo C. G., Pedro Aguilar-Zarate, and Romeo Rojas. 2021. "Currently Applied Extraction Processes for Secondary Metabolites from Lippia turbinata and Turnera diffusa and Future Perspectives" Separations 8, no. 9: 158. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8090158