Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Krill Oil during Storage Based on NH2-MMS
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiments
2.1. Chemicals and Materials
2.2. The Preparation of NH2-MMS
2.3. The Characterization of NH2-MMS
2.4. Adsorption Experiments
2.5. SPE Procedure
2.6. Derivatization
2.7. GC-FID Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of NH2-MMS
3.2. The Adsorption Experiment of NH2-MMS
3.3. Optimization of Solid-Phase Extraction Conditions
3.4. Linearity Range, LOQs, and LODs
3.5. Recoveries and Precision
3.6. Applications in Real Samples
3.7. Comparison to the Existing Method
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | ZSM-5 | NH2-MMS |
---|---|---|
C | 16.69 | 31.59 |
O | 44.53 | 35.84 |
Al | 0.30 | 0.24 |
Si | 38.48 | 31.82 |
N | 0 | 0.50 |
ZSM-5 | NH2-MMS | |
---|---|---|
BET surface area (m2/g) | 220.04 | 163.58 |
Pore volume (cm2/g) | 0.21 | 0.20 |
Pore size (nm) | 10.31 | 12.93 |
T (°C) | NH2-MMS | NH2-SBA-15 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm Model | Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm Model | Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm Model | Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm Model | |||||||||
qm | KL | R2 | n | KF | R2 | qm | KL | R2 | n | KF | R2 | |
35 | 0.714 | 0.277 | 0.957 | 2.020 | 0.175 | 0.991 | 0.675 | 0.158 | 0.903 | 1.656 | 0.106 | 0.989 |
45 | 1.017 | 0.247 | 0.963 | 2.059 | 0.248 | 0.995 | 0.790 | 0.225 | 0.984 | 1.839 | 0.163 | 0.987 |
55 | 1.087 | 0.300 | 0.916 | 2.062 | 0.279 | 0.998 | 0.973 | 0.232 | 0.929 | 1.886 | 0.209 | 0.986 |
Adsorbents | Pseudo-First-Order Adsorption | Pseudo-Second-Order Adsorption | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qe | K1 | R2 | qe | K2 | R2 | |
NH2-MMS | 0.590 | 0.043 | 0.997 | 0.624 | 0.122 | 1.000 |
NH2-SBA-15 | 0.565 | 0.047 | 0.997 | 0.598 | 0.140 | 1.000 |
Analytes | Linear Equation | R2 | Linear Range | LODs | LOQs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C14:0 | y = 6.203x + 1.463 | 0.998 | 0.10–100 | 0.06 | 0.20 |
C16:0 | y = 5.805x + 7.404 | 0.996 | 0.10–100 | 0.06 | 0.20 |
C16:1 | y = 1.464x + 1.432 | 0.992 | 0.25–100 | 0.15 | 0.50 |
C18:0 | y = 6.612x + 1.624 | 0.998 | 0.10–100 | 0.06 | 0.20 |
C18:1n-9 | y = 7.158x + 2.352 | 0.994 | 0.10–100 | 0.06 | 0.20 |
C20:1n-9 | y = 7.549x + 1.497 | 0.999 | 0.25–100 | 0.15 | 0.50 |
Analytes | Intraday Recoveries | Interday Recoveries | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.5 μg g−1 | 10 μg g−1 | 50 μg g−1 | 0.5 μg g−1 | 10 μg g−1 | 50 μg g−1 | |
C14:0 | 87.88 ± 1.92 | 89.70 ± 0.08 | 91.12 ± 1.17 | 87.43 ± 1.68 | 88.20 ± 2.12 | 92.67 ± 3.40 |
C16:0 | 88.87 ± 0.86 | 91.07 ± 0.02 | 92.04 ± 0.19 | 88.88 ± 0.70 | 90.76 ± 0.48 | 93.35 ± 1.86 |
C16:1 | 90.85 ± 4.65 | 92.06 ± 4.18 | 94.10 ± 4.52 | 88.95 ± 4.65 | 89.36 ± 5.12 | 93.59 ± 3.76 |
C18:0 | 85.96 ± 2.75 | 88.72 ± 5.00 | 93.29 ± 1.10 | 86.97 ± 2.66 | 89.19 ± 4.13 | 92.55 ± 1.39 |
C18:1n-9 | 87.44 ± 3.70 | 89.59 ± 0.63 | 91.23 ± 1.91 | 86.89 ± 3.13 | 88.87 ± 1.14 | 90.55 ± 1.83 |
C20:1n-9 | 85.42 ± 2.55 | 88.12 ± 3.08 | 91.84 ± 2.80 | 85.16 ± 2.11 | 86.39 ± 3.51 | 94.31 ± 4.17 |
Analytes | 0d | 7d | 14d | 21d | 28d | 35d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C14:0 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.68 ± 0.19 a |
C16:0 | 2.87 ± 0.18 d | 2.80 ± 0.12 d | 2.90 ± 0.26 c | 3.07 ± 0.81 b | 3.28 ± 0.61 ab | 3.42 ± 0.34 a |
C16:1n-7 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.68 ± 0.18 bc | 0.80 ± 0.34 ab | 0.83 ± 0.51 a |
C18:0 | 1.00 ± 0.10 d | 0.97 ± 0.23 d | 1.11 ± 0.09 c | 1.22 ± 0.27 bc | 1.35 ± 0.19 b | 1.69 ± 0.19 a |
C18:1n-9 | 0.79 ± 0.40 b | 0.85 ± 0.72 a | 0.88 ± 0.37 a | 0.92 ± 0.33 a | 0.96 ± 0.26 a | 1.02 ± 0.01 a |
C20:1n-9 | 1.62 ± 0.24 c | 1.66 ± 0.21 c | 1.89 ± 0.09 bc | 1.93 ± 0.0.20 bc | 2.11 ± 0.11 b | 2.46 ± 0.36 a |
Analytes | 0d | 7d | 14d | 21d | 28d | 35d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C14:0 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.71 ± 0.42 b | 0.92 ± 0.11 ab | 0.98 ± 0.19 a |
C16:0 | 2.70 ± 0.18 b | 2.79 ± 0.12 b | 2.98 ± 0.26 ab | 3.12 ± 0.81 ab | 3.28 ± 0.61 ab | 3.48 ± 0.34 a |
C16:1n-7 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.78 ± 0.51 a |
C18:0 | 1.00 ± 0.10 c | 1.13 ± 0.23 bc | 1.23 ± 0.09 ab | 1.31 ± 0.27 ab | 1,44 ± 0.19 ab | 1.76 ± 0.19 a |
C18:1n-9 | 0.79 ± 0.40 e | 0.80 ± 0.72 e | 0.93 ± 0.37 d | 1.06 ± 0.33 c | 1.14 ± 0.26 b | 1.51 ± 0.01 a |
C20:1n-9 | 1.65 ± 0.24 e | 1.94 ± 0.21 d | 2.14 ± 0.09 c | 2.31 ± 0.20 bc | 2.44 ± 0.11 ab | 2.57 ± 0.36 a |
Analytes | 0d | 7d | 14d | 21d | 28d | 35d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C14:0 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.72 ± 0.12 cd | 0.92 ± 0.09 bc | 1.01 ± 0.34 b | 1.27 ± 0.48 a |
C16:0 | 2.70 ± 0.18 a | 2.73 ± 0.13 a | 2.87 ± 0.82 a | 3.20 ± 0.76 b | 3.28 ± 0.06 b | 3.45 ± 0.32 b |
C16:1n-7 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.76 ± 0.75 ab | 1.00 ± 0.09 a |
C18:0 | 1.00 ± 0.10 b | 1.12 ± 0.12 b | 1.16 ± 0.37 b | 1.21 ± 0.32 ab | 1.38 ± 0.15 ab | 1.56 ± 0.32 a |
C18:1n-9 | 0.79 ± 0.40 e | 1.10 ± 0.28 de | 1.31 ± 0.34 cd | 1.46 ± 0.24 bc | 1.79 ± 0.03 b | 2.38 ± 0.21 a |
C20:1n-9 | 1.65 ± 0.24 e | 2.09 ± 0.22 de | 2.21 ± 0.52 cd | 2.45 ± 0.29 bc | 2.65 ± 0.20 ab | 2.88 ± 0.29 a |
Analytes | 0d | 7d | 14d | 21d | 28d | 35d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C14:0 | n.d. | 0.68 ± 0.21 a | 0.89 ± 0.20 d | 1.11 ± 0.70 c | 1.35 ± 0.49 d | 1.58 ± 0.09 a |
C16:0 | 2.70 ± 0.18 e | 2.84 ± 0.30 a | 3.04 ± 0.56 e | 3.83 ± 0.4 c | 4.02 ± 0.06 d | 4.29 ± 0.19 b |
C16:1n-7 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.74 ± 0.28 e | 0.91 ± 0.3 c | 1.35 ± 0.14 d | 1.46 ± 0.25 b |
C18:0 | 1.00 ± 0.10 e | 1.31 ± 0.15 a | 1.65 ± 0.24 e | 2.11 ± 0.24 c | 2.50 ± 0.36 d | 2.76 ± 0.11 b |
C18:1n-9 | 0.79 ± 0.40 d | 1.01 ± 0.39 a | 1.28 ± 0.19 d | 1.50 ± 0.13 c | 2.31 ± 0.09 c | 2.87 ± 0.40 b |
C20:1n-9 | 1.65 ± 0.24 d | 2.08 ± 0.45 a | 2.58 ± 0.38 c | 2.83 ± 0.15 b | 3.67 ± 0.29 b | 4.18 ± 0.25 a |
Adsorbent Materials | Morphology | Pore Structure | Reaction Conditions | Toxins in the Reactive Materials | Loading Capacity | Literatures |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Magnetic single-crystal ferrite nanoparticles | Spherical | - | High temperature and pressure | - | - | Wei Fang et al. [42] |
Strong base anion exchange resin | Spherical | - | Normal temperature and pressure | Toluene and divinyl benzene | 0.3–0.8 mmol g−1 (166.7–256.4 mg g−1) | Mhadmhan et al. [43] |
Cassava peel materials | Bulk | Porous structure | High temperature and high pressure | - | 0.8 mmol g−1 (322 mg g−1) | Phetrungnapha et al. [44] |
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles | Rodlike | Mesoporous structure | Normal temperature and pressure | - | 0.528 mmol g−1 | Ahn et al. [45] |
Amino-modified SBA-15 | Cord-like domains | Mesoporous structure | Normal temperature and pressure | - | 0.75 mmol g−1 | Yang et al. [26] |
NH2-MMS | Spherical | Hierarchical pores | Normal temperature and pressure | - | 1.02 mmol g−1 | Our study |
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Zhang, S.; Wang, Y.; Yang, C.; Wang, X.; Wang, S.; Yin, J.; Du, Y.; Wu, D.; Hu, J.; Zhao, Q. Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Krill Oil during Storage Based on NH2-MMS. Foods 2024, 13, 2736. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172736
Zhang S, Wang Y, Yang C, Wang X, Wang S, Yin J, Du Y, Wu D, Hu J, Zhao Q. Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Krill Oil during Storage Based on NH2-MMS. Foods. 2024; 13(17):2736. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172736
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Shibing, Yiran Wang, Chunyu Yang, Xi Wang, Siyi Wang, Jiping Yin, Yinan Du, Di Wu, Jiangning Hu, and Qi Zhao. 2024. "Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Krill Oil during Storage Based on NH2-MMS" Foods 13, no. 17: 2736. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172736