Lessons Learned and Outcomes from Risk-Based Modernisation of Post-Mortem Inspection and Disposition Criteria of Beef, Sheep, Goat, and Pig Carcasses in Australia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Terms of Reference
- Removing techniques that are no longer necessary due to the improved animal health status of Australian herds and flocks;
- Altering or removing techniques where new knowledge of animal or foodborne disease indicates that current risk management techniques are not effective;
- Assessing the effect of contamination of edible tissues arising from current organoleptic post-mortem inspection (inspection) techniques;
- Reviewing disposition judgement criteria for total carcase condemnation where appropriate;
- Identifying techniques that are principally related to product quality rather than food safety that might be transferred to companies’ Quality Assurance systems.
2.2. Evidence-Based Approach
- The need to quantify the performance of current techniques for red meat species in the first instance (i.e., establish current risk and/or non-detection rates of gross abnormalities affecting both food safety and wholesomeness) as a basis for comparison of alternative techniques;
- The increasing recognition that as traditional PMID techniques are insufficient to prevent and control the microbiological risks of illness associated with consumption of meat, and the potential for counter-productive microbiological contamination of edible tissues resulting from the actual PMID techniques is attracting regulatory attention [10,11,12,27,28];
- Increased use of information “up and down” the supply chain to inform both disease control and PMID [20];
2.3. Approaches to Compare the Performance of Alternative with Existing Post-Mortem Inspection Techniques
- Quantitative risk assessment for C. bovis where unconfirmed gross abnormalities were conservatively modelled as positive for C. bovis using published Se data [31];
2.4. Contamination and Net Effect of Post-Mortem Inspection
2.5. Techniques Transferable to Companies’ Quality Assurance Systems
2.6. Rationale for Assessment of Criteria Used for Carcase Disposition Judgement
- Discernment of acute from chronic carcase abnormalities;
- Disposition outcomes for carcases with multiple, chronic abnormalities (prior septicaemia);
- Interpretation of terms such as “systemic effects” to describe the extent of the disease or condition [2].
- Description of gross abnormalities and carcase sites affected;
- Assessment of the acute versus chronic nature of gross abnormalities;
- Microbiological testing of the following:
- ○
- The primary lesion for causative infectious organisms;
- ○
- Lymph nodes not directly draining the lesion/abnormality and edible tissue to determine if totally condemned carcases were septicaemic (i.e., acute systemic infection);
- ○
- To assess of the presence or absence of food safety hazards in edible tissue.
2.7. Expert Panels
- Experience with regulatory reform using Codex Risk Assessment guidelines;
- Practical and long-standing field experience with meat inspection at the operational and plant management level;
- Experience in Competent Authority roles (including domestic standards management and market access considerations);
- Veterinary experience in the field as an abattoir veterinarian and respected authorities in their field;
- Experience in using published risk rating methods and publishing outcomes of related studies;
- Awareness of the level of evidence required by Competent Authorities to assess equivalence;
- Statistical and epidemiological skills to underpin data rigour.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Hazard Identification
3.2. Findings and Priorities from Risk Profiles
- Removing post-mortem inspection procedures that are no longer necessary due to the improving animal health status of Australian animals, e.g., bovine tuberculosis, Cysticercus bovis and caseous lymphadenitis of sheep and goats;
- Altering or removing procedures where new knowledge of animal or foodborne disease indicates current risk management procedures are not effective, e.g., inspection of spleens and unenucleated kidneys of sheep and goats;
- Assessing the effect of inspection on microbial contamination of edible product, e.g., visual inspection of offal of sheep, goats, and pigs;
- Reviewing the criteria used to determine the disposition e.g., melanoma of pigs, pneumonia/pleurisy of cattle and pigs, and polyarthritis of cattle and pigs;
- Identifying procedures that are principally related to detecting gross abnormalities that affect product wholesomeness rather than food safety and might therefore, be managed within Quality Assurance arrangements, e.g., pleurisy of pigs.
3.3. Equivalent Alternative Post-Mortem Inspection Techniques
- Differences in non-detection rates between observation and palpation, i.e., undetected abnormality increase commonly in the order of 1/1000 to 1/10,000 carcases, i.e., predicted negligible difference in effectiveness after amendment;
- Occurrence of gross abnormalities of foodborne significance;
- Adverse effect on information available for carcase disposition judgement resulting from visual-only inspection;
- Adverse effect on animal health and welfare surveillance.
- Visual inspection of sheep and goat spleens instead of palpation, irrespective of being kept for human consumption [36];
3.4. Retention of Palpation and Incision
3.5. Use of Food Chain Information
3.6. Contamination and Net Effect of Post-Mortem Inspection
3.7. Techniques Transferable to Companies’ Quality Assurance Systems
3.8. Amended Carcase Disposition Judgement Criteria
- Replacement of “Systemic effects” [2] with specific descriptions and disposition for acute (disease manifest as septicaemia, indicated by petechial haemorrhages and/or polyserositis) or chronic (may show multiple localise abnormalities of lungs/joints, no signs of septicaemia) abnormalities;
- Multiple chronic abnormalities not being interpreted as “Systemic effect” [2] and thereby a reason for total carcase condemnation;
- These carcases may now be trimmed to achieve wholesomeness instead of being totally condemned when not showing generalised signs of septicaemia and/or cachexia.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Criteria | Acute Stage | Organising Stage | Resolving Stage | Chronic Stage |
---|---|---|---|---|
Disease stage | Bacteraemia/viraemia | Primary bacteraemia/viraemia, secondary pathogens localising to susceptible organs | Lesions localising | Lesions localised and then diminishing in extent until no residual tissue damage remains |
Indicative period post-infection 1 | 0–14 days | 7–14 days | 10–28 days | >20 days |
Ante-mortem | May be showing signs of fever, e.g., lethargy, reluctance to move, increased rate of breathing, elevated temperature. | May be showing signs of fever, e.g., lethargy, increased rate of breathing, elevated temperature. Possible muco-purulent nasal discharge. Cough, signs of discomfort on coughing | No fever, but possible muco-purulent nasal discharge. Possible cough. | Normal |
Gross post-mortem abnormalities | Carcase showing signs of fever/septicaemia (e.g., erythema and/or petechial haemorrhages and/or poly-serositis with straw coloured exudate with fibrin clots in cavities). | Bronchopneumonia. Early fibrous adhesions between visceral (i.e., organ) and parietal (i.e., rib) serosal surfaces. Erythema of serosal surfaces. Possible purulent exudate. | Adhesions well developed. Serosal erythema mild to moderate. Exudates resolving, abscess formation. Possible arthritis. | Probable hyperaemia of serosa. Diffuse/localised pleurisy and peritonitis. Possible chronic abscess. Possible (poly) arthritis. |
BRD agent present in primary lesion | Yes | Probably | Possibly | Unlikely |
Septicaemic with primary BRD agent | Probably | Possibly | No | No |
Muscle contaminated with primary BRD agent | Unlikely | No | No | No |
Muscle contaminated with foodborne hazard | Possibly | Unlikely | No | No |
Wholesomeness after stripping membranes | No | No | Possibly | Most likely |
Disposition judgement | Total carcase condemnation | Total carcase condemnation | If uncertain—hold and test | Pass—trim affected parts |
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Pointon, A.; Kiermeier, A.; Hamilton, D.; Allan, S.; Jenson, I.; Stevens, D.; McDonald, A.; Langbridge, J. Lessons Learned and Outcomes from Risk-Based Modernisation of Post-Mortem Inspection and Disposition Criteria of Beef, Sheep, Goat, and Pig Carcasses in Australia. Foods 2024, 13, 2775. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172775
Pointon A, Kiermeier A, Hamilton D, Allan S, Jenson I, Stevens D, McDonald A, Langbridge J. Lessons Learned and Outcomes from Risk-Based Modernisation of Post-Mortem Inspection and Disposition Criteria of Beef, Sheep, Goat, and Pig Carcasses in Australia. Foods. 2024; 13(17):2775. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172775
Chicago/Turabian StylePointon, Andrew, Andreas Kiermeier, David Hamilton, Samantha Allan, Ian Jenson, Daryl Stevens, Ann McDonald, and John Langbridge. 2024. "Lessons Learned and Outcomes from Risk-Based Modernisation of Post-Mortem Inspection and Disposition Criteria of Beef, Sheep, Goat, and Pig Carcasses in Australia" Foods 13, no. 17: 2775. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172775