The Interference of Arabic Prepositions in Emirati English
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Are there influences of MSA (L2) and Emirati Dialect (L1) in the acquisitions of prepositions in English?
- Is there a meaningful difference in the result among the participants of the control group, who learn through music and the control group, whose participants learn through a traditional method (reading and repetition of the content)?
- Are there differences in the results obtained by the participants regarding their educational background and gender?
- Are the results similar to the ones obtained in our previous study [20], in which the content taught through dance (experimental groups 1 and 2, composed of ballet and flamenco dancers respectively) obtained a statistically meaningful difference compared to the control group (group of participants trained in a traditional way, by reading and repeating the content)?
2. Historical Overview
2.1. The Foundation Period: The Introduction of English (1809–1966)
2.2. The Exonormative Stabilization: English as the Language of Administration and Education (1966–2004)
2.3. The Nativization Period (2004 Until Present)
2.4. English as Lingua Franca
3. Theoretical Framework
3.1. A Contrastive Linguistic Analysis on the Arabic Prepositional System
- I am extremely sorry for your results.
- The email I got is full of mistakes.
- 3.
- رأيت ماريا في سيارتها. Raiatu Maria fi saiaratiha.
- 4.
- She left the party without saying anything.
- 5.
- I am not used to traveling so much.
- 6.
- Where is he from?
- 7.
- I have the results the director asked for.
- 8.
- She went home before she finished her task.
- 9.
- I haven’t met Dan since he returned from Tangier.
Studies on Prepositions in Emirati Dialect and Gulf English
- أكِل مِن المطعم. Akil min almat3m.
- انا في الدرب. Ana fi darb, I am in my way.
- تميت بالعزبة لين الفجر Tamit bial3izba liin alfajir.
- تميت بالعزبة حتى الفجر. Tamit biall3izba 7ata alfajir.
3.2. Multiple Intelligences: The Brain and Language
3.2.1. Musical Intelligence
3.2.2. Musical Intelligence and Autism
3.2.3. Musical Therapy
4. Participants
5. Method
6. Results and Discussion
- 10.
- 7 انتهي من العمل في (I finish work at 7)
- 11.
- من زمان وأنا أبا هالشي (I’ve been wanting this for a long time.)
- 12.
- اترييني. (wait for me)
6.1. Pretest
6.2. Posttest 1: Grammar (Prepositions)
6.3. Posttest 2: Grammar (Prepositions)
6.4. Descriptive Analysis
7. Conclusions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Questionnaire to Select Participants to the Experiment and Control Group
Appendix B. Pretest and Posttests I and II (Arabic to English; Participants Had Neither the Translation nor the Colored Prepositions Shown Below. The Prepositions in Green Means that the Preposition Exists in only One of the Languages)
Appendix C. Pretest and Posttests I and II: Prepositions Part II
Appendix D. Preposition Training—Part 1 (Both Groups Were Explained How to Use the Following Prepositions and Each Session Started by Reading the List Below)
Appendix E. Preposition Training—Part 2 (Both Experimental and Control Groups Had the Following Text; However, the Experimental Group Sang Along as They Were Drilled)
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Arabic | Transliteration | English |
---|---|---|
في | fi | in |
إلى | ilā | to/towards |
على | 3lā | on |
من | min | from |
ب | bi | in/with |
لِ | li | for/to |
Preposition on | on a Farm | on an Island | on Independence Day | on the Bus | on This List | on the Phone | في أول من ديسمبر (on the 1st of Dec.) | في التلفزيون on TV | في يوتيوب on You-Tube | عليهم خصم on Sale | Percentage of Correct Answers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control group | 0 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 7 | X = 2800/200 = 14% |
Experimental group | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 6 | X = 2500/200 = 12.5% |
Preposition in | in Different Colors | in Spring | in London | in the Morning | على شارع الخير in/on Khair St. | في أميركا in America | في الصورة (in the Picture) | في ديسمبر (in Dec.) | in the Car | in the Taxi | Percentage of Correct Answers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control group | 18 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 17 | 20 | 20 | 20 | X = 19,500/200 = 97.5% |
Experimental group | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 18 | 20 | 20 | 20 | X= 19,700/200 = 98.5% |
Preposition at | at Christmas | at 234 Oxford Street | at [email protected] | at the End of the Month | at the Weekend | at Night | 7 في at 7 | Laugh at | Yell at | Good at | % of Correct Answers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control group | 3 | 0 | 9 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 20 | 3 | 2 | 0 | X = 5000/200 = 25% |
Experimental group | 4 | 0 | 11 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 19 | 4 | 2 | 0 | X = 5000/200 = 25% |
Preposition by | by Preparing for It | go by Metro | by Mistake | by Chance | by Credit Card | by Shakespeare | by My Side | by Myself | by 5 pm | by the Lake | % of Correct Answers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control group | 0 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 6 | 13 | 12 | 13 | 4 | 2 | X = 8900/200 = 44.5% |
Experimental group | 0 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 4 | 14 | 11 | 14 | 3 | 1 | X = 8800/200 = 44% |
Total of Correct Answers | Gender: Male Total Number of Correct Answers | Gender: Female Total Number of Correct Answers | Level of Education: Secondary School | Level of Education: University or Master’s Degree |
---|---|---|---|---|
330 | 134 | 196 | 71 | 259 |
Preposition on | on a Farm | on an Island | on Independence Day | on the Bus | on This List | on the Phone | في أول من ديسمبر (on the 1st of Dec.) | في التلفزيون on TV | في يوتيوب on You-Tube | عليهم خصم on sale | % of Correct Answers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control group | 8 | 9 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 13 | X = 10,400 /200 = 52% |
Experimental group | 20 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 19 | X = 17,100 /200 = 85.5% |
Preposition at | at Christmas | at 234 Oxford Street | at [email protected] | at the End of the Month | at the Weekend | at Night | 7 في at 7 | Laugh at | Yell at | Good at | % of Correct Answers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control group | 4 | 6 | 14 | 6 | 11 | 8 | 20 | 6 | 6 | 6 | X = 8700/200 = 43.5% |
Experimental group | 5 | 10 | 15 | 7 | 20 | 8 | 20 | 8 | 7 | 14 | X = 11,400/200 = 57% |
Preposition by | by Preparing for It | Go by Metro | by Mistake | by Chance | by Credit Card | by Shakespeare | by My Side | by Myself | by 5 pm | by the Lake | % of Correct Answers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control group | 8 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 7 | 15 | 13 | 15 | 6 | 6 | X = 11,500/200 = 57.5% |
Experimental group | 7 | 14 | 15 | 17 | 7 | 16 | 14 | 15 | 6 | 16 | X = 12,700/200 = 63.5% |
Total of Correct Answers | Gender: Male Total Number of Correct Answers | Gender: Female Total Number of Correct Answers | Level of Education: Secondary School | Level of Education: University or Master’s Degree |
---|---|---|---|---|
718 | 306 | 412 | 293 | 425 |
Preposition on | on A Farm | on An Island | on Independence Day | on the Bus | on This List | on the Phone | في أول من ديسمبر (on the 1st of Dec.) | في التلفزيون on TV | في يوتيوب on You-Tube | عليهم خصم on Sale | % of Correct Answers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control group | 12 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 9 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 14 | X = 1,3000/200 = 65% |
Experimental group | 20 | 20 | 16 | 20 | 19 | 20 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 20 | X = 1,9200/200 = 96% |
Preposition at | at Christmas | at 234 Oxford Street | at [email protected] | at the End of the Month | at the Weekend | at Night | 7 في at 7 | Laugh at | Yell at | Good at | % of Correct Answers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control group | 8 | 9 | 16 | 9 | 13 | 9 | 20 | 9 | 8 | 8 | X = 10,900/200 =54.5% |
Experimental group | 8 | 19 | 17 | 9 | 20 | 9 | 20 | 11 | 9 | 20 | X =14,200/200 = 71% |
Preposition by | by Preparing for It | Go by Metro | by Mistake | by Chance | by Credit Card | by Shakespeare | by My Side | by Myself | by 5 pm | by the Lake | % of Correct Answers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control group | 12 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 11 | 17 | 16 | 17 | 9 | 10 | X = 14,300/200 = 71.5% |
Experimental group | 13 | 16 | 18 | 19 | 12 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 10 | 20 | X = 16,000/200 = 80% |
Total of Correct Answers | Gender: Male Total Number of Correct Answers | Gender: Female Total Number of Correct Answers | Level of Education: Secondary School | Level of Education: University or Master’s Degree |
---|---|---|---|---|
876 | 407 | 469 | 414 | 462 |
Control | Experimental | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Median | Mean | SD | Median | z | p-Value | |
Differences pre–posttest 2 | 10.750 | 1.070 | 11 | 16.450 | 0.759 | 17 | −5.531 | <0.001 |
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Ribeiro Daquila, J.P. The Interference of Arabic Prepositions in Emirati English. Sci 2021, 3, 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/sci3020019
Ribeiro Daquila JP. The Interference of Arabic Prepositions in Emirati English. Sci. 2021; 3(2):19. https://doi.org/10.3390/sci3020019
Chicago/Turabian StyleRibeiro Daquila, Jean Pierre. 2021. "The Interference of Arabic Prepositions in Emirati English" Sci 3, no. 2: 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/sci3020019
APA StyleRibeiro Daquila, J. P. (2021). The Interference of Arabic Prepositions in Emirati English. Sci, 3(2), 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/sci3020019