Investigation of Tribological Behavior of PTFE Composites Reinforced with Bronze Particles by Taguchi Method
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Taguchi Method
3. Experimental Procedure
3.1. Materials
3.2. Test Samples Preparation
3.3. Tribological Tests
3.4. Design of Experiments
4. Results and Discussions
4.1. Analysis of Test Parameters
4.2. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Test
4.3. Friction and Wear Maps
4.4. Regression Analysis
4.5. Verification Test
- Material type: 60 vol% PTFE composite reinforced with bronze particles.
- Normal load: 50 N.
- Sliding speed: 1 m/s.
- Material type: 60 vol% PTFE composite reinforced bronze particles.
- Normal load: 100 N.
- Sliding speed: 0.32 m/s.
4.6. Wear Mechanism
5. Conclusions
- The addition of the bronze particles to the PTFE polymer as a reinforcement phase improves the tribological properties of the material.
- The material type is more pronounced on the desired wear resistance and COF rather than other parameters of the tribological system, such as normal load and sliding speed.
- Among the bronze-reinforced PTFE composites used in the study, PTFE composites reinforced with 60 vol% bronze particles showed the lowest specific wear rate, followed by PTFE + 40 vol% bronze particles included composite, and then PTFE + 25 vol% bronze particles included composite.
- The COF and SWR were found to be influenced by the material type (29.83% and 96.16%), the normal load (33.34% and 0.95%), and sliding speed (9.14% and 1.28%).
- The optimum wear test conditions at that the minimum COF and the lowest SWR were achieved to be A4B2C2 and A4B3C1 levels of the wear test parameters, respectively.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties | Values |
---|---|
Tensile strength (MPa) | ≥7 |
Elongation (%) | ≥50% |
Density g/cm3 | 2.16–2.20 |
Usage temperature °C | 200–250 |
Properties | Values |
---|---|
Density g/cm3 | 2.5–3.20 |
Hardness HRB | 112–114 |
Grain size (µm) | <63 |
Hot pressing range (°C) | 460–580 |
Element | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Mo | Ni |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Content | 0.98 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.040 | 0.30 | 17 | 0.70 | 0.80 |
Materials | Colors | Density (g/cm−3) | Test Temperature (°C) | Relative Humidity (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PTFE | white | 2.14 | 21 ± 2 | |
PTFE + 25 vol.% bronze | brown | 3.03 | 19 ± 4 | 50 ± 8 |
PTFE + 40 vol.% bronze | brown | 3.49 | 19 ± 4 | |
PTFE + 60 vol.% bronze | brown | 3.91 | 19 ± 4 |
L16 (45) Test | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
6 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 |
7 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 |
8 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
9 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
10 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 1 |
11 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
12 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
13 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 3 |
14 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 |
15 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 1 |
16 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 |
Level | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test Parameters | Units | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
Material type | - | PTFE | PTFE + 25 vol.% bronze | PTFE + 40 vol.% bronze | PTFE + 60 vol.% bronze |
Normal Load | (N) | 10 | 50 | 100 | 200 |
Sliding Speed | (m/s) | 0.32 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 |
Material Type | Normal Load (N) | Sliding Speed (m/s) | SWR (m2/N) | S/N Wear Rate (dB) | COF (µm) | S/N Friction Efficient (dB) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PTFE | 10 | 0.32 | 7.42 × 10−13 | 242.59 | 0.220 | 13.15 |
PTFE | 50 | 1.00 | 7.20 × 10−13 | 242.85 | 0.150 | 16.48 |
PTFE | 100 | 1.50 | 1.19 × 10−12 | 238.49 | 0.165 | 15.65 |
PTFE | 200 | 2.00 | 1.03 × 10−12 | 239.74 | 0.168 | 15.49 |
PTFE + 25 vol.% bronze | 10 | 1.00 | 5.06 × 10−14 | 265.92 | 0.195 | 14.20 |
PTFE + 25 vol.% bronze | 50 | 0.32 | 3.24 × 10−14 | 269.79 | 0.136 | 17.33 |
PTFE + 25 vol.% bronze | 100 | 2.00 | 5.69 × 10−14 | 264.90 | 0.205 | 13.76 |
PTFE + 25 vol.% bronze | 200 | 1.50 | 1.01 × 10−13 | 259.91 | 0.158 | 16.03 |
PTFE + 40 vol.% bronze | 10 | 1.50 | 4.35 × 10−15 | 287.23 | 0.180 | 14.89 |
PTFE + 40 vol.% bronze | 50 | 2.00 | 1.20 × 10−14 | 278.42 | 0.157 | 16.08 |
PTFE + 40 vol.% bronze | 100 | 0.32 | 2.99 × 10−15 | 290.49 | 0.130 | 17.72 |
PTFE + 40 vol.% bronze | 200 | 1.00 | 1.70 × 10−14 | 275.39 | 0.145 | 16.77 |
PTFE + 60 vol.% bronze | 10 | 2.00 | 3.70 × 10−15 | 288.64 | 0.154 | 16.25 |
PTFE + 60 vol.% bronze | 50 | 1.50 | 1.53 × 10−15 | 296.31 | 0.150 | 16.48 |
PTFE + 60 vol.% bronze | 100 | 1.00 | 1.50 × 10−15 | 296.48 | 0.124 | 18.13 |
PTFE + 60 vol.% bronze | 200 | 0.32 | 1.87 × 10−15 | 294.56 | 0.140 | 17.08 |
Level | Material Type | Normal Load (N) | Sliding Speed (m/s) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 15.19 | 14.62 | 16.32 |
2 | 15.33 | 16.59 | 16.40 |
3 | 16.37 | 16.32 | 15.76 |
4 | 16.98 | 16.34 | 15.40 |
Delta | 1.79 | 1.97 | 1.00 |
Rank | 2 | 1 | 3 |
Level | Material Type | Normal Load (N) | Sliding Speed (m/s) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 240.90 | 271.10 | 274.40 |
2 | 265.10 | 271.80 | 270.20 |
3 | 282.90 | 272.60 | 270.50 |
4 | 294.00 | 267.40 | 267.90 |
Delta | 53.10 | 5.20 | 6.40 |
Rank | 1 | 3 | 2 |
Source | Degrees of Freedom (DOF) | Sum of Squares (SDQ) | Variance (V) | FTest | FTable | Percentage of Contribution (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Material type | 3 | 8.797 | 2.932 | 4.15 | 3.29 a | 29.83 |
Normal load (N) | 3 | 9.834 | 3.278 | 4.41 | 3.29 a | 33.34 |
Sliding speed (m/s) | 3 | 2.696 | 0.899 | 0.66 | 9.14 | |
Error | 6 | 8.168 | 1.361 | |||
Total | 15 | 29.494 |
Source | Degrees of Freedom (DOF) | Sum of Squares (SDQ) | Variance (V) | FTest | FTable | Percentage of Contribution (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Material type | 3 | 6435.95 | 2145.32 | 119.72 | 12.92 a | 96.16 |
Normal load (N) | 3 | 63.56 | 21.19 | 1.18 | 0.95 | |
Sliding speed (m/s) | 3 | 85.69 | 28.56 | 1.59 | 1.28 | |
Error | 6 | 107.51 | 17.92 | |||
Total | 15 | 6692.71 |
Materials | Response | Developed Mathematical Models | R2 (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Pure PTFE | COF | 15.3388 + 0.00630148 × N − 0.591276 × V | 93.3 |
PTFE + 25 vol.% Bronze | COF | 15.4754 + 0.00630148 × N − 0.591276 × V | 93.3 |
PTFE + 40 vol.% Bronze | COF | 16.5129 + 0.00630148 × N − 0.591276 × V | 93.3 |
PTFE + 60 vol.% Bronze | COF | 17.1295 + 0.00630148 × N − 0.591276 × V | 93.3 |
Pure PTFE | VSWR | 247.006 − 0208401 × N − 3.49497 × V | 97.8 |
PTFE + 25 vol.% Bronze | VSWR | 271.216 − 0.0208401 × N − 3.49497 × V | 97.8 |
PTFE + 40 vol.% Bronze | VSWR | 288.968.006 − 0.0208401 × N − 3.49497 × V | 97.8 |
PTFE + 60 vol.% Bronze | VSWR | 300.083 − 0.0208401 × N − 3.49497 × V | 97.8 |
Optimal Wear Test Condition | |||
---|---|---|---|
Predicted | Observed | Difference | |
Levels | A4B2C2 | A4B2C2 | |
S/N ratio for µ (dB) | 18.03 | 17.72 | 0.31 |
Levels | A4B3C1 | A4B3C1 | |
S/N ratio for SWR (dB) | 299.54 | 298.02 | 1.52 |
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Ficici, F.; Ozdemir, I.; Grund, T.; Lampke, T. Investigation of Tribological Behavior of PTFE Composites Reinforced with Bronze Particles by Taguchi Method. J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8, 398. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100398
Ficici F, Ozdemir I, Grund T, Lampke T. Investigation of Tribological Behavior of PTFE Composites Reinforced with Bronze Particles by Taguchi Method. Journal of Composites Science. 2024; 8(10):398. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100398
Chicago/Turabian StyleFicici, Ferit, Ismail Ozdemir, Thomas Grund, and Thomas Lampke. 2024. "Investigation of Tribological Behavior of PTFE Composites Reinforced with Bronze Particles by Taguchi Method" Journal of Composites Science 8, no. 10: 398. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100398