Flammability Characteristics of Surface Fuels in a Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) Woodland
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Field Methods
2.3. Laboratory Sorting
2.3.1. Fine Woody Debris
2.3.2. Leaves
2.3.3. Reproductive Structures (RS)
2.3.4. Other
2.4. Laboratory Flammability Analysis
2.5. Analytical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Variability of Flammability Metrics
3.2. Clustering of Flammability Groups
3.3. Significance of Flammability Groups
3.4. Relative Abundance of Collected Fuel
4. Discussion
4.1. Variability of Flammability Metrics
4.2. Clustering of Flammability Groups
4.3. Significance of Flammability Groups
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Description | Mass (g) |
---|---|---|
Fire-Impeding Oaks | As defined by [33] | 65.6 |
Moderate-Burning Oaks | As defined by [33] | 19.6 |
Herbaceous RS | e.g., berries, flowers | 12.8 |
Hardwood RS | e.g., samaras, acorns | 7.2 |
Herbs | Not identified to species | 13.5 |
Scat | e.g., Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann | 2.9 |
Insects | Grasshopper, butterfly wings, and a beetle | 0.9 |
Category | Description | RI (s) | MFH (cm) | FD (s) | SD (s) | C (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bark | Hardwood and pine; naturally separated | 13 ± 1 | 12 ± 0 | 33 ± 3 | 49 ± 13 | 6.1 ± 1.3 |
Charcoal | Majority of fuel blackened by previous fire | 15 ± 1 | 11 ± 2 | 75 ± 24 | 335 ± 88 | 7.3 ± 0.7 |
Lower Duff | Duff 0.5–2.0 mm | 9 ± 1 | 9 ± 1 | 163 ± 12 | 26 ± 3 | 9.1 ± 1.4 |
0.63–2.54 cm HW | Medium size class of hardwood FWD | 14 ± 1 | 25 ± 3 | 120 ± 14 | 269 ± 76 | 22.9 ± 6.4 |
Pine RS | Cones and strobili | 7 ± 0 | 20 ± 2 | 111 ± 12 | 217 ± 45 | 27.7 ± 3.2 |
2.54–9.99 cm HW | Large size class of hardwood FWD | 12 ± 2 | 24 ± 1 | 146 ± 62 | 404 ± 194 | 36.0 ± 18.8 |
0.63–2.54 cm Pine | Medium size class of pine FWD | 14 ± 4 | 20 ± 6 | 127 ± 27 | 371 ± 95 | 36.9 ± 12.4 |
Wood Fragments | Unidentifiable wood ca. 0.5 × 2.0 cm | 10 ± 1 | 13 ± 2 | 230 ± 36 | 298 ± 26 | 37.1 ± 4.3 |
Upper Duff | Duff 2.0–4.0 mm | 6 ± 1 | 29 ± 3 | 245 ± 36 | 112 ± 22 | 46.7 ± 7.4 |
0.00–0.63 cm HW | Small size class of hardwood FWD | 7 ± 1 | 39 ± 5 | 140 ± 23 | 154 ± 12 | 55.1 ± 10.5 |
2.54–9.99 cm Pine | Large size class of pine FWD | 13 ± 3 | 28 ± 2 | 201 ± 45 | 515 ± 90 | 62.8 ± 13.1 |
Yellow Jessamine Vine | Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J.St.-Hil.; vine | 5 ± 0 | 57 ± 4 | 91 ± 6 | 226 ± 28 | 64.5 ± 5.6 |
0.00–0.63 cm Pine | Small size class of pine FWD | 17 ± 3 | 37 ± 4 | 160 ± 37 | 307 ± 67 | 69.2 ± 4.5 |
Oak Fragments | Leaf fragments of unidentifiable oak species | 5 ± 1 | 36 ± 6 | 102 ± 18 | 226 ± 57 | 78.5 ± 2.7 |
Non-oaks | e.g., Acer rubrum L., Cornus florida L.; leaves | 6 ± 1 | 41 ± 4 | 89 ± 14 | 116 ± 16 | 78.9 ± 3.4 |
Bracken Fern | Pteridium latiusculum (Desv.) Hier. ex. Fries | 6 ± 1 | 61 ± 3 | 64 ± 4 | 47 ± 9 | 80.8 ± 2.3 |
Pine Needles | e.g., Pinus palustris Mill. | 2 ± 1 | 59 ± 4 | 100 ± 11 | 45 ± 9 | 80.8 ± 2.3 |
Ericaceae | e.g., Vaccinium arboreum Marsh.; leaves | 5 ± 1 | 47 ± 5 | 77 ±7 | 123 ± 6 | 82.5 ± 2.5 |
Yellow Jessamine Leaves | Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J.St.-Hil.; leaves | 5 ± 1 | 53 ± 4 | 102 ± 25 | 70 ± 5 | 85.6 ± 2.9 |
Grass | e.g., Schizachyrium scoparium Michx. | 3 ± 0 | 70 ± 6 | 51 ± 6 | 56 ± 12 | 87.6 ± 0.9 |
Fire-Facilitating Oaks | As defined by [33]; leaves | 5 ± 1 | 54 ± 3 | 56 ± 7 | 121 ± 8 | 89.5 ± 1.8 |
FG | Fuel Categories | RI (s) | MFH (cm) | FD (s) | SD (s) | C (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Bark, Charcoal | 14 ± 1 | 12 ± 1 | 54 ± 13 | 192 ± 63 | 6.7 ± 0.7 |
Mod-Low | Lower Duff, 0.00–9.99 cm HW, 0.00–2.54 cm Pine, Pine RS | 11 ± 1 | 25 ± 2 | 138 ± 11 | 250 ± 38 | 36.7 ± 4.7 |
Mod | Wood Fragments, Upper Duff, 2.54–9.99 cm Pine | 10 ± 1 | 24 ± 2 | 225 ± 21 | 309 ± 53 | 48.8 ± 5.6 |
Mod-High | Yellow Jessamine, Oak Fragments, Non-oaks, Ericaceae, Needles | 5 ± 0 | 49 ± 2 | 94 ± 6 | 134 ± 16 | 78.5 ± 1.8 |
High | Bracken Fern, Grass, FF Oaks | 4 ± 1 | 62 ± 3 | 57 ± 3 | 75 ± 10 | 86.0 ± 1.4 |
Fuel Category | Fuel Type | Total (g) | Rel. Woody/Leafy | Rel. Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pine Needles | Leafy | 6465.9 | 0.4952 (1) | 0.2042 |
Bark | Woody | 4898.7 | 0.2633 (1) | 0.1547 |
2.54–9.99 cm Pine | Woody | 3704.8 | 0.1992 (2) | 0.1170 |
0.63–2.54 cm Pine | Woody | 2640.1 | 0.1419 (3) | 0.0834 |
0.63–2.54 cm HW | Woody | 2539.9 | 0.1365 (4) | 0.0802 |
2.54–9.99 cm HW | Woody | 1640.2 | 0.0882 (5) | 0.0518 |
Lower Duff | Leafy | 1352.6 | 0.1036 (2) | 0.0427 |
Pine RS | Woody | 1160 | 0.0624 (6) | 0.0366 |
Upper Duff | Leafy | 1148.4 | 0.0879 (3) | 0.0363 |
Non-oaks | Leafy | 997.5 | 0.0764 (4) | 0.0315 |
Yellow Jessamine Vines | Woody | 766.9 | 0.0412 (7) | 0.0242 |
Grass | Leafy | 731.8 | 0.0560 (5) | 0.0231 |
Fire-Facilitating Oaks | Leafy | 713.4 | 0.0546 (6) | 0.0225 |
0.00–0.63 cm HW | Woody | 708.8 | 0.0381 (8) | 0.0224 |
Bracken Fern | Leafy | 559.5 | 0.0428 (7) | 0.0177 |
Oak Fragments | Leafy | 419.6 | 0.0321 (8) | 0.0133 |
Ericaceae | Leafy | 323.7 | 0.0248 (9) | 0.0102 |
Yellow Jessamine Leaves | Leafy | 243.4 | 0.0186 (10) | 0.0077 |
Charcoal | Woody | 231.8 | 0.0125 (9) | 0.0073 |
0.00–0.63 cm Pine | Woody | 146 | 0.0078 (10) | 0.0046 |
Wood Fragments | Woody | 145.9 | 0.0078 (11) | 0.0046 |
Fire-Impeding Oaks | Leafy | 65.6 | 0.0050 (11) | 0.0021 |
Moderate-Burning Oaks | Leafy | 19.6 | 0.0015 (12) | 0.0006 |
Herbs | Leafy | 13.5 | 0.0010 (13) | 0.0004 |
Herbaceous RS | Woody | 12.75 | 0.0007 (12) | 0.0004 |
Hardwood RS | Woody | 7.2 | 0.0004 (13) | 0.0002 |
Scat | Leafy | 2.9 | 0.0002 (14) | 0.0001 |
Insects | Leafy | 0.9 | 0.0001 (15) | 0.0000 |
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Emery, R.K.; Hart, J.L. Flammability Characteristics of Surface Fuels in a Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) Woodland. Fire 2020, 3, 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire3030039
Emery RK, Hart JL. Flammability Characteristics of Surface Fuels in a Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) Woodland. Fire. 2020; 3(3):39. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire3030039
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmery, Raien K., and Justin L. Hart. 2020. "Flammability Characteristics of Surface Fuels in a Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) Woodland" Fire 3, no. 3: 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire3030039