Scientific-Practical Enhancement Principles for the Long-Term Stability of Cultural Heritage Objects through a Multi-Component Underground Space Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology, Methods, and Materials for Engineering-Geological and Geotechnical Research
- -
- underground water.
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- microorganisms.
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- gases of various geneses, solubilities, and aggressiveness.
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- underground bearing and enclosing structures of buildings and constructions, which have complex interactions with the aforementioned components.
3. Results
3.1. Results of Underground Space Research at the Regional Level
3.2. Results of Underground Space Research at the Local Level
4. Discussion
4.1. Discussion of Engineering-Geological and Geotechnical Research Results on Underground Space at the Object Level
4.2. Recommendations for Conducting Field and Laboratory Research in the Foundation Zone of Cultural Heritage Objects
4.3. Some Examples of the Methodology’s Application in Saint Petersburg and Abroad
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Analysis Elements | Element Content, mg/dm3 |
---|---|
Ca2+ | 53.0 |
Mg2+ | 21.0 |
Na + K | 378.0 |
SO42− | 123.0 |
Cl− | 420.0 |
HCO3− | 488.0 |
Mineralization | 1344.0 |
Analysis Elements | Element Content, mg/dm3 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Alexander Nevsky Lavra | Commandant’s Cemetery in the Petropavlovskaya Fortress | * Park Zone (Beyond Zones of Technogenic Contamination of the Subsurface Environment) | |
Ca2+ | 150.0 | 100.0 | 4.0–41.0 |
Mg2+ | 116.4 | 66.0 | 5.0–17.0 |
Na + K | 7.09 | 1.89 | 2.5–66.0 |
NH4+ | 123.0 | 2.9 | 1.2–3.7 |
SO42− | 176.0 | 2.0 | 18.0–80.0 |
Cl− | 40.0 | 30.0 | 5.0–28.0 |
HCO3− | 1189.5 | 396.5 | 79.0–189.0 |
NO3− | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.1–7.5 |
Mineralization | 1804.6 | 604.1 | 170.0–285.0 |
CO2 (aggressive) | 59.4 | 19.8 | 132.0–190.0 |
PO 1, mgO2/dm3 | 35.2 | 16.0 | 6.0–30.0 |
COD 2, mgO2/dm3 | 310.4 | 46.6 | Was not determined |
BOD5 3, mgO2/dm3 | 27.2 | 2.8 | 1.5–6.0 |
pH (in situ) | 6.9 | 7.4 | 5.3–6.8 |
Eh, mV (in situ) | −108.0 | −12.5 | Was not determined |
Analysis Elements | Element Content, mg/dm3 | ||
---|---|---|---|
* Apraksin Dvor (Operated 1754–1860s) | ** Formerly Horse Market, Operated for over 180 Years Until the End of the 19th Century) | *** Park Zone (Beyond Zones of Technogenic Contamination of the Subsurface Environment) | |
Ca2+ | 128.0–169.0 | 132.0 | 4.0–41.0 |
Mg2+ | 37.7–158.0 | 108.2 | 5.0–17.0 |
Na + K | 51.1–170.0 | 442.1 | 2.5–66.0 |
NH4+ | 0.6–4.0 | - | 1.2–3.7 |
SO42− | 81.5–240.0 | 110.2 | 18.0–80.0 |
Cl− | 80.0–156.0 | 451.6 | 5.0–28.0 |
HCO3− | 466.7–1135.0 | 1232.2 | 79.0–189.0 |
NO3− | 0.2–24.0 | 8.1 | 1.1–7.5 |
Mineralization | 854.1–2043.3 | 2500.0 | 170.0–285.0 |
CO2 (aggressive) | 16.5 | - | 0.0–33.0 |
PO 1, mgO2/dm3 | 27.0–32.0 | 36.8 | 6.0–30.0 |
pH | 7.5 | 7.0 | 5.3–6.8 |
Eh, mV (in situ) | Was not determined | −127.0 | Was not determined |
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Dashko, R.E.; Karpenko, A.G. Scientific-Practical Enhancement Principles for the Long-Term Stability of Cultural Heritage Objects through a Multi-Component Underground Space Analysis. Heritage 2024, 7, 4455-4471. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7080210
Dashko RE, Karpenko AG. Scientific-Practical Enhancement Principles for the Long-Term Stability of Cultural Heritage Objects through a Multi-Component Underground Space Analysis. Heritage. 2024; 7(8):4455-4471. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7080210
Chicago/Turabian StyleDashko, Regina E., and Angelina G. Karpenko. 2024. "Scientific-Practical Enhancement Principles for the Long-Term Stability of Cultural Heritage Objects through a Multi-Component Underground Space Analysis" Heritage 7, no. 8: 4455-4471. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7080210