Cultural Landscapes in the Central American Region: Analysis of the Legal Framework for Protection and Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Assessment of Data
3. Conceptual Framework
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Landscapes in Cultural Legislation
4.2. Landscapes in Environmental and Natural Resources Legislation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
1. | In this paper, the term landscape refers to both landscapes and seascapes. |
2. | Criterium iii: to bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization that is living or which has disappeared. Criterium iv: to be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape that illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history. Criterium ix: to be outstanding examples representing significant ongoing ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals. Criterium x: to contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation. |
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Type of Heritage/Number of Sites | Country and Property |
---|---|
Natural site (7) | Belize: Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System (1996) Costa Rica: Cocos Island National Park (1997), Talamanca Range-La Amistad Reserves/La Amistad transboundary National Park (1983), Área de Conservación Guanacaste (1999) Honduras: Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve (1982) Panama: Darien National Park (1981), Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection (2005), (1983) Talamanca Range-La Amistad Reserves/La Amistad transboundary National Park |
Historic Urban Complex (3) | Guatemala: Antigua Guatemala (1979) Panama: Archaeological Site of Panamá Viejo and Historic District of Panamá (1997) Dominican Republic: Ciudad Colonial de Santo Domingo (1990) |
Archaeological remains (6) | Costa Rica: Precolumbian Chiefdom Settlements with Stone Spheres of the Diquís (2014) El Salvador: Joya de Cerén Archaeological Site (1993) Guatemala: Archaeological Park and Ruins of Quirigua (1981), National Archaeological Park Tak’alik Ab’aj (2023) Honduras: Maya Site of Copan (1980) Nicaragua: Ruins of León Viejo (2000) |
Historical Monument (2) | Nicaragua: León Cathedral (2011) Panama: Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo (1980) |
Mixed Heritage | Guatemala: Tikal National Park (1979) |
Country | Cultural Law | Environmental Law |
---|---|---|
Belize | Belize National Cultural Heritage Preservation Act, 2017 [9]. | Belize National Protected Areas System Act, 2015 [10]. |
Costa Rica | Law on National Archaeological Heritage of Costa Rica, 1981 (Ley sobre Patrimonio Nacional Arqueológico de Costa Rica, 1981) [11]. Law on Historical and Architectural Heritage of Costa Rica, 1995 (Ley de Patrimonio Histórico Arquitectónico, Costa Rica) [12]. | Regulations to the Biodiversity Law, 2008 (Reglamento a la Ley de Biodiversidad de Costa Rica, 2008) [13]. |
El Salvador | Special Law for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of El Salvador, 2014 (Ley Especial de Proteción al Patrimonio Cultural de El Salvador, 2014) [14]. | Law on Protected Natural Areas of El Salvador, 2005 (Ley de Áreas Naturales Protegidas de El Salvador, 2005) [15]. |
Guatemala | Law for the Protection of the Cultural Heritage of the Nation Guatemala, 1997. (Ley para la Protección del Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación Guatemala, 1997) [16]. | Regulations of the Guatemalan Law on Protected Areas, 1990 (Reglamento de la Ley de Áreas Protegidas de Guatemala, 1990) [17]. |
Honduras | Law for the Protection of the Cultural Heritage of the Nation Honduras, 1997 (Ley para la Protección del Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación Honduras, 1997) [18]. | Regulations of the National System of Protected Areas of Honduras, 1999 (Reglamento del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas de Honduras, 1999) [19]. |
Nicaragua | Law for the Protection of the Cultural Heritage of the Nation Nicaragua, 1982 (Ley de Protección al Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación, 1982) [20]. | Regulations on Protected Areas in Nicaragua, 2007 (Reglamento de Áreas Protegidas de Nicaragua, 2007) [21]. |
Panama | General Cultural Law of Panama, 2020 (Ley General de Cultural de Panamá, 2020) [22]. | Resolution No. J-D, 09-94 for creating the National System of Protected Areas of Panama, 1994 (Resolución No. J-D, 09-94, de creación del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas de Panamá, 1994) [23]. |
Dominican Republic | Regulations on the Office of Cultural Heritage, 1969 (Reglamento sobre la Oficina de Patrimonio Cultural, 1969) [24]. | Sectoral Law No. 202.04 on Protected Areas of the Dominican Republic, 2004 (Ley Sectorial No. 202.04 de Áreas Protegidas de República Dominicana, 2004) [25]. |
Country | UNESCO Cultural Heritage Sub-Categories | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
‘Monument’ | ‘Architectural/Archaeological Ensemble’ | ‘Site/Place’ | ‘Cultural Landscape’ | |
Belize [9]: | X | X | X | |
Costa Rica [11,13]: | X | X | X | |
El Salvador [14]: | X | X | X | |
Guatemala [16]: | X | X | X | X |
Honduras [18]: | X | X | X | |
Nicaragua [20]: | X | X | X | |
Panama [22]: | X | X | X | X |
Dominican Rep. [24]: | X | X | X |
Country | IUCN Protected Areas Categories | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Category Ia y Ib—‘Strict Nature Reserve’ and ‘Wilderness Area’ | Category II—‘National Park’ | Category III—‘Natural Monument or Feature’ | Category IV—‘Habitat/Species Management Area’ | Category V—‘Protected Landscape/ Seascape’ | Category VI—‘Protected Area with Sustainable Use of Natural Resources’ | |
Belize [10]: | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Costa Rica [13]: | X | X | X | X | ‘marine management area’ | X |
El Salvador [15]: | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Guatemala [17]: | Not Reported | X | X | X | ‘natural recreational area, regional park, routes and scenic routes’ | X |
Honduras [19]: | X | X | X | X | ‘anthropological reserve’ | X |
Nicaragua [21]: | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Panamá [23]: | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Dominican Republic [25]: | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Country/Number of Designations | Category | Management Objectives | Designated Sites (Area) |
---|---|---|---|
El Salvador (14) | ‘Protected landscape’ | Biodiversity management in fishing and tourism activities in marine coastal ecosystems. | Comaesland (0.63 km2), El Socorro (0.39 km2). |
Maintain traditional practices of production and use of resources with sustainability criteria. | Catorce de Marzo (0.43 km2), Chanmico (4.56 km2), Colombia (1.82 km2), La Isla (0.52 km2), Los Abriles (2.33 km2), Tehuacán (0.7 km2). | ||
Preserve and increase the structure and ecological function of spaces degraded by anthropization processes. | El Caballito (15.27 km2), El Tamarindo (3.24 km2), El Tecomatal (10.29 km2), Hoja de Sal (15.26 km2), Las Nieves Porción 21 (8.99 km2), San Francisco Dos Cerros (2.66 km2). | ||
Honduras (1) | ‘Anthropological reserve’ | Maintain traditional indigenous practices of production and use of resources with sustainability criteria. | Reserva Antropológica y Forestal Pech Montaña del Carbón (340.4 km2). |
Nicaragua (2) | ‘Protected Seascape’ | Preserve and increase the structure and ecological function of spaces degraded by anthropization processes. | Corn Island (6847.52 km2). |
‘Protected landscape’ | Preserve and increase the structure and ecological function of spaces degraded by anthropization processes. | Mesas de Miraflor-Moropotente (467.96 km2). | |
Panama (4) | ‘Protected landscape’ | Maintain traditional indigenous practices of production and use of resources with sustainability criteria. | Paisaje Protegido Escudo de Veraguas–Dego (422.50 km2). |
Preserve existing natural scenic beauty and/or develop activities for leisure purposes. | Paisaje Protegido Isla Galeta (5.8 km2), Paisaje Protegido Punta Bruja y Manglares de Dejal (0.75 km2), Paisaje Protegido San Lorenzo (121.45 km2). | ||
Dominican Republic (17) | ‘National recreation area’ | Preserve existing natural scenic beauty and/or develop activities for leisure purposes. | Cabo Rojo—Bahía de las Águilas (79.08 km2), Boca de Nigua (5.82 km2), Guaigui (33.84 km2), Guaraguao-Punta Catuano (18.34 km2). |
‘Ecological corridor’ | Preserve existing natural scenic beauty and/or develop activities for leisure purposes. | Autopista 6 de Noviembre (3.65 km2), Autopista Duarte (10.35 km2), Autopista Juan Bosch (3.65 km2). | |
‘Scenic route’ | Preserve existing natural scenic beauty and/or develop activities for leisure purposes. | Autovia Santo Domingo-Sanama-Boulevard del Atlántico (93.29 km2), Carretera Bayacames-Jarabacoa (16.69 km2), Carretera Cabral-Polo (10.16 km2), Carretera de Santiago-La Cumbre-Puerto Plata (20.77 km2), Carretera El Abanico-Constanza (32.20 km2), Carretera Nagua-Sánchez (16.85 km2), Costa Azul (19.06 km2), Entrada de Mao (54.37 km2), Mirador Atlántico (11.19 km2), Mirador del Paraíso (21.86 km2). |
General Preservation/Management Objective | ‘Protected Landscape’ | ‘Protected Seascape’ | Total |
---|---|---|---|
| 15 | 5 | 20 |
| 2 | 2 | |
| 7 | 1 | 8 |
| 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 6 | 6 | |
Total | 31 | 7 | 38 |
Country | Number of ‘Protected Landscapes’ | ‘Protected Landscape’ (km2) | Total Terrestrial and Marine Protected Areas (km2) | Territorial Extension of ‘Protected Landscapes’ Divided by the Total Number of Protected Areas |
---|---|---|---|---|
Belize | 0 | 0 | 12,366.00 | 0% |
Costa Rica | 0 | 0 | 180,523.00 | 0% |
El Salvador | 14 | 67.11 | 2444.00 | 2.75% |
Guatemala | 0 | 0 | 23,070.00 | 0% |
Honduras | 1 | 340.4 | 36,638.00 | 0.93% |
Nicaragua | 2 | 7315.48 | 35,182.00 | 20.79% |
Panama | 4 | 550.5 | 112,979.00 | 0.49% |
Dominican Republic | 17 | 453.57 | 59,582.00 | 0.76% |
Total | 38 | 8727.06 | 462,784.00 | 1.89% |
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Cárcamo Macoto, H.L.; Viñals, M.J.; Sanders, A. Cultural Landscapes in the Central American Region: Analysis of the Legal Framework for Protection and Management. Heritage 2024, 7, 4520-4537. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7080213
Cárcamo Macoto HL, Viñals MJ, Sanders A. Cultural Landscapes in the Central American Region: Analysis of the Legal Framework for Protection and Management. Heritage. 2024; 7(8):4520-4537. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7080213
Chicago/Turabian StyleCárcamo Macoto, Henry Leonel, María José Viñals, and Arie Sanders. 2024. "Cultural Landscapes in the Central American Region: Analysis of the Legal Framework for Protection and Management" Heritage 7, no. 8: 4520-4537. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7080213