Hygrothermal Modelling of the Differences between Single versus Variable Relative Humidity Vapour Diffusion Resistivity Properties of Pliable Membranes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- creating user defined material data for the pliable membranes within the WUFI Pro 6.5 data library,
- completing the hygrothermal simulations using WUFI Pro 6.5, followed by
- bio-hygrothermal simulations the WUFI VTT post processing software to analyse differences in Mould Index results.
2.1. Creating New User-Defined Material Data
2.2. Single Point Values
2.3. Establishing and Plotting the Variable Relative Humidity Multipoint Water Vapour Diffusion Resistivity Values after Harmonic Adjustment
2.4. Simulation, Procedures, and Input Parameters
“Moisture will not accumulate interior to the primary water control layer within a building envelope; or on the interior surface of the water control layer.”
2.5. Selection of Construction Components for Hygrothermal Modelling
- − CR 1 which simulated the timber-framed clay masonry veneer wall with the five different pliable membranes using the single-point value for vapour diffusion resistance factor, and
- − CR 2 which simulated the timber-framed clay masonry veneer wall with the five different pliable membranes using the harmonic balanced multipoint values for vapour diffusion resistance factor.
2.6. Simulation’s Orientation, Initial Condition, and Surface Transfer Co-Efficient
2.7. Exterior environmental conditions
- − Darwin—Australia’s most northern capital city, located in a hot and humid climate, with no hourly rain data (tropical savannah; Köppen climate classification—Aw)
- − Sydney—Australia’s most populous city, with a temperate climate and no hourly rain data (humid subtropical; Köppen climate classification—Cfa), and
- − Holzkirchen—southern Germany, as shown in Figure 8, a humid temperate, but cooler climate with rain and climate data that include values for hourly rainfall (oceanic/marine west coast climate; Köppen climate classification—Cfb).
2.8. Interior Environmental Conditions
- − between 7:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m., the room is to be conditioned between 20 °C and 23 °C,
- − between 10:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. the room is unconditioned,
- − between 4:00 p.m. and 11:00 p.m., the room is to be conditioned between 18 °C and 23 °C, and
- − between midnight and 6:00 a.m. the room is to be conditioned to between 15 °C and 23 °C.
3. Results
3.1. Result for the Risk of Moisture Accumulation for Two Australian Climates
3.2. Result for the Risk of Moisture Accumulation for Holzkirchen Climate
3.3. Results of Mould Growth Simulation for Sydney and Darwin Climate with No Rain Data
3.4. Results of Mould Growth Simulation for Holzkirchen Cliamte with Rain Data
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
ABCB | Australian Building Codes Board |
ACH | Air Exchange |
AIRAH | Australian Institute for Refrigeration, Air-conditioning, and Heating |
ASHRAE | American Society for Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-conditioning Engineers |
ASTM | American Society for Testing and Materials |
BOM | Bureau of Meteorology, Australia |
BS | British Standards |
CEN | European committee for Standardisation (in French: Comité Européen de Normalisation) |
CSIRO | Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia |
DIN | Deutsches Institut für Normung |
EN | European standard (in German: Europaische Norm) |
EPW | Energy Plus Weather |
HAM | Heat, Air, and Moisture |
HRA | Hygrothermal Risk Assessment |
HVAC | Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning |
IAQ | Indoor Air Quality |
IEQ | Indoor Environmental Quality |
ISO | International Organisation for Standardisation |
MI | Mould Index |
NatHERS | National House Energy Rating Scheme, Australia |
NCC | National Construction Code, Australia |
ϕ | Relative Humidity (RH) (%) |
q | Heat Flux (J/m2s) |
l | Thermal Conductivity (J/msK) |
RMY | Reference Meteorological Year |
R-values | Thermal Resistance (m2 K)/W |
SD | Diffusion Air layer Thickness (m) |
STC | Surface Transfer Coefficient |
T | Temperature (°C) |
μ | Water Vapour Resistance Factor |
WDR | Wind-Driven Rain |
WHO | World Health Organisation |
WUFI | Wärme Und Feuchte Instationär (heat and moisture transiency) |
WV | Water Vapour |
WVTR | Water Vapour Transmission Rate |
Appendix A
Moisture Content in Layer after Simulation | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Materials | Pliable Membrane A | Pliable Membrane B | Pliable Membrane C | |||||||||
Single Point | Multipoint | Single Point | Multipoint | Single Point | Multipoint | |||||||
Orientation | North | West | North | West | North | West | North | West | North | West | North | West |
External brick veneer (kg/m2) | 4.38 | 4.84 | 4.38 | 4.84 | 4.40 | 4.87 | 4.40 | 4.86 | 4.43 | 4.89 | 4.42 | 4.88 |
40 mm air cavity layer (kg/m2) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
1 mm vapour control layer (kg/m2) | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.47 | 4.96 |
Insulation layer (kg/m2) | 0.55 | 0.59 | 0.55 | 0.59 | 0.49 | 0.53 | 0.50 | 0.53 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.48 |
Interior plaster (kg/m2) | 3.62 | 3.77 | 3.64 | 3.79 | 3.47 | 3.58 | 3.47 | 3.58 | 3.31 | 3.44 | 3.31 | 3.44 |
Total water content after simulation (kg/m2) | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.25 | 1.25 |
Simulation numerical qualities | ||||||||||||
Balance 1 (kg/m2) | −0.68 | −0.62 | −0.68 | −0.62 | −0.68 | −0.62 | −0.68 | −0.63 | −0.68 | −0.63 | −0.69 | −0.63 |
Balance 2 (kg/m2) | −0.70 | −0.61 | −0.69 | −0.61 | −0.70 | −0.62 | −0.70 | −0.64 | −0.73 | −0.64 | −0.72 | 0.63 |
Number of convergence errors | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Moisture Content after Simulation | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Materials | Pliable Membrane D | Pliable Membrane E | ||||||
Single Point | Multipoint | Single Point | Multipoint | |||||
Orientation | North | West | North | West | North | West | North | West |
External brick veneer (kg/m2) | 9.2 | 4.89 | 4.43 | 4.89 | 4.43 | 4.89 | 4.44 | 4.89 |
40 mm air cavity layer (kg/m2) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
1 mm vapour control layer (kg/m2) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Insulation layer (kg/m2) | 1.87 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.39 | 0.48 |
Interior plaster (kg/m2) | 8.75 | 3.44 | 3.31 | 3.44 | 3.31 | 3.44 | 3.01 | 3.31 |
Total water content after simulation (kg/m2) | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 |
Simulation | Numerical | Qualities | ||||||
Balance 1 (kg/m2) | 0.67 | −0.63 | −0.68 | −0.63 | −0.68 | −0.63 | −0.63 | −0.63 |
Balance 2 (kg/m2) | 0.71 | −0.64 | −0.73 | −0.64 | 0.64 | −0.64 | −0.64 | −0.64 |
Number of convergence errors | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Moisture Content in Layer after Simulation | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Materials | Pliable Membrane A | Pliable Membrane B | Pliable Membrane C | |||||||||
Single Point | Multipoint | Single Point | Multipoint | Single Point | Multipoint | |||||||
Orientation | North | West | North | West | North | West | North | West | North | West | North | West |
External brick veneer (kg/m2) | 4.66 | 4.93 | 4.56 | 4.93 | 4.67 | 4.95 | 4.67 | 4.95 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 9.2 |
40 mm air cavity layer (kg/m2) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
1 mm vapour control layer (kg/m2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Insulation layer (kg/m2) | 0.96 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.03 | 0.71 | 0.73 | 0.72 | 0.75 | 1.87 | 1.87 | 1.87 | 1.87 |
Interior plaster (kg/m2) | 6.56 | 6.43 | 6.74 | 6.59 | 5.7 | 5.70 | 5.74 | 5.74 | 8.75 | 7.39 | 8.73 | 7.34 |
Total water content after simulation (kg/m2) | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.25 |
Simulation numerical qualities | ||||||||||||
Balance 1 (kg/m2) | −0.57 | −0.54 | −0.57 | −0.54 | −0.60 | −0.57 | −0.60 | −0.57 | 0.67 | 0.61 | 0.67 | 0.61 |
Balance 2 (kg/m2) | −0.83 | −0.76 | −0.83 | −0.76 | −0.84 | −0.75 | −0.84 | −0.75 | 0.71 | 0.62 | 0.71 | 0.61 |
Number of convergence errors | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Moisture Content after Simulation | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Materials | Pliable Membrane D | Pliable Membrane E | ||||||
Single Point | Multipoint | Single Point | Multipoint | |||||
Orientation | North | West | North | West | North | West | North | West |
External brick veneer (kg/m2) | 4.74 | 5.03 | 4.74 | 5.03 | 4.74 | 5.03 | 4.74 | 5.03 |
40 mm air cavity layer (kg/m2) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
1 mm vapour control layer (kg/m2) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Insulation layer (kg/m2) | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
Interior plaster (kg/m2) | 3.42 | 3.44 | 3.41 | 3.44 | 3.41 | 3.43 | 3.41 | 3.44 |
Total water content after simulation (kg/m2) | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 |
Simulation | Numerical | Qualities | ||||||
Balance 1 (kg/m2) | −0.65 | −0.62 | −0.65 | −0.62 | −0.65 | −0.62 | −0.65 | −0.62 |
Balance 2 (kg/m2) | −0.80 | −0.70 | −0.8 | −0.7 | −0.8 | −0.70 | −0.80 | −0.7 |
Number of convergence errors | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Moisture Content in Layer during Simulation | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Materials | Pliable Membrane A | Pliable Membrane B | Pliable Membrane C | |||||||||
Single Point | Multipoint | Single Point | Multipoint | Single Point | Multipoint | |||||||
Orientation | North | West | North | West | North | West | North | West | North | West | North | West |
External brick veneer (kg/m2) | 7.41 | 146.39 | 7.01 | 88.59 | 7.01 | 88.59 | 7.24 | 89.58 | 6.11 | 89.42 | 14.86 | 89.32 |
40 mm air cavity layer (kg/m2) | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 8.34 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
1 mm vapour control layer (kg/m2) | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 29.24 | 48.71 |
Insulation layer (kg/m2) | 0.65 | 3.29 | 6.04 | 12.92 | 6.04 | 12.92 | 3.15 | 10.74 | 60.53 | 30.70 | 6.27 | 9.89 |
Interior plaster (kg/m2) | 3.09 | 3.81 | 3.98 | 3.93 | 3.98 | 3.93 | 3.95 | 3.92 | 4.01 | 3.85 | 6.30 | 3.92 |
Total water content after simulation (kg/m2) | 1.24 | 1.07 | 1..35 | 10.95 | 1.35 | 10.95 | 1.12 | 1086 | 6.16 | 12.97 | 1.82 | 10.8 |
Simulation numerical qualities | ||||||||||||
Balance 1 (kg/m2) | −0.34 | 15.06 | 0.11 | 9.54 | 0.11 | 9.54 | −0.13 | 9.45 | 4.92 | 11.56 | 0.05 | 9.38 |
Balance 2 (kg/m2) | −0.23 | −153.36 | 0.20 | −6.8.4 | 0.2 | 6.84 | −0.03 | 7.37 | 4.9 | −67.92 | 0.11 | 10.24 |
Number of convergence errors | 0 | 12462 | 0 | 5102 | 1 | 5102 | 1 | 4958 | 40 | 990 | 0 | 2535 |
Moisture Content after Simulation | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Materials | Pliable Membrane D | Pliable Membrane E | ||||||
Single Point | Multipoint | Single Point | Multipoint | |||||
Orientation | North | West | North | West | North | West | North | West |
External brick veneer (kg/m2) | 6.10 | 90.70 | 6.11 | 88.29 | 6.10 | 89.26 | 6.11 | 89.32 |
40 mm air cavity layer (kg/m2) | 0.01 | 17.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 2.50 | 0.01 | 2.46 |
1 mm vapour control layer (kg/m2) | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.07 |
Insulation layer (kg/m2) | 65.19 | 31.04 | 63.73 | 30.53 | 66.08 | 30.68 | 61.54 | 30.43 |
Interior plaster (kg/m2) | 4.01 | 3.85 | 4.01 | 3.93 | 4.01 | 3.85 | 4.01 | 3.85 |
Total water content after simulation (kg/m2) | 6.588 | 13.49 | 6.45 | 12.5 | 6.68 | 12.72 | 6.25 | 12.7 |
Simulation | Numerical | Qualities | ||||||
Balance 1 (kg/m2) | 5.33 | 12.08 | 5.20 | 11.09 | 5.41 | 11.31 | 5.01 | 11.29 |
Balance 2 (kg/m2) | 5.32 | −78.20 | 5.19 | −45.06 | 5.40 | −49.71 | 4.99 | −65.08 |
Number of convergence errors | 40 | 964 | 42 | 800 | 32 | 910 | 39 | 1090 |
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Properties | Membrane A | Membrane B | Membrane C | Membrane D | Membrane E |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Porosity (m3/m3) | 0.41 | 0.411 | 0.086 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Specific Heat Capacity, Dry (J/(kg K)) | 850 | 850 | 2500 | 2300 | 2300 |
Thermal Conductivity, Dry (W/(m K)) | 0.6 | 0.6 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.3 |
Temp-dep. Thermal Conductivity (W/(m K2)) | 2.0000 × 10−4 | 2.0000 × 10−4 | 2.0000 × 10−4 | 2.0000 × 10−4 | 2.0000 × 10−4 |
Properties | Membrane A | Membrane B | Membrane C | Membrane D | Membrane E |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bulk Density (kg/m3) | 272 ± 10 | 159 ± 6 | 115 ± 25 | 212 ± 6 | 373 ± 5 |
Water Vapour Diffusion Resistance Factor | 90 ± 5.98 | 369 ± 41.62 | 64,755 ± 1980 | 174,600 ± 10323 | 307,317 ± 16,850 |
Material | Thickness (m) | R-Value ((m2 K)/W) |
---|---|---|
Exterior surface film | 0.06 | |
Clay brick | 0.110 | 0.18 |
Ventilated cavity | 0.039 | 0.16 |
Pliable membrane | 0.001 | 0.00 |
Bulk insulation | 0.090 | 2.70 |
Plasterboard | 0.010 | 0.07 |
Interior surface film | 0.12 | |
Totals | 0.250 | 3.29 |
No | Material Layers | Dimension (m) | Initial Water Content (kg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Red veneer brick | 0.110 | 9.2 |
2 | Air layer; without additional moisture capacity | 0.04 | 0.01 |
3 | Pliable membrane | 0.001 | 0.0 |
4 | Fibre glass insulation | 0.090 | 1.86 |
5 | Gypsum plaster | 0.010 | 6.3 |
Australia Cities | NatHERS Climate Zone | Building Location | Time Period (Hours) | Heating Thermostat Set Point (°C) | Cooling Thermostat Set Point (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sydney | 17 | Living room/Dining and Kitchen Bedroom | 07:00 to 24 07:00 to 09:00 10:00 to 15:00 24:00 to 06:00 | 20 18 Unconditioned 15 | 25.5 25.5 Unconditioned 25.5 25.5 |
Darwin | 1 | Living room/Dining and Kitchen Bedroom | 07:00 to 24 07:00 to 09:00 10:00 to 15:00 24:00 to 06:00 | 20 18 Unconditioned 15 | 26.5 26.5 Unconditioned 26.5 26.5 |
Location | Koppen Climate Classification | Northern Orientation | Western Orientation |
---|---|---|---|
Darwin | Aw | 3 of 5 | 5 of 5 |
Sydney | Cfa | 4 of 5 | 5 of 5 |
Holzkirchen | Cfb | 5 of 5 | 5 of 5 |
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Olaoye, T.S.; Dewsbury, M.; Wallis, L.; Küenzel, H. Hygrothermal Modelling of the Differences between Single versus Variable Relative Humidity Vapour Diffusion Resistivity Properties of Pliable Membranes. CivilEng 2022, 3, 687-716. https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng3030040
Olaoye TS, Dewsbury M, Wallis L, Küenzel H. Hygrothermal Modelling of the Differences between Single versus Variable Relative Humidity Vapour Diffusion Resistivity Properties of Pliable Membranes. CivilEng. 2022; 3(3):687-716. https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng3030040
Chicago/Turabian StyleOlaoye, Toba Samuel, Mark Dewsbury, Louise Wallis, and Hartwig Küenzel. 2022. "Hygrothermal Modelling of the Differences between Single versus Variable Relative Humidity Vapour Diffusion Resistivity Properties of Pliable Membranes" CivilEng 3, no. 3: 687-716. https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng3030040