Internet Gaming Disorder of Gamers: A Study on Values and Online Gaming Behavior †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. IGD on Values and Online Gaming Behavior
2.1. IGD
2.2. Values
2.3. Online Gaming Behaviors
3. Materials and Method
3.1. Instruments
3.2. Data Collection and Analysis
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. IGD | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2. Playing online games every day | 0.260 | *** | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
3. Preferences in playing (alone/team/both) | 0.070 | 0.013 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
4. Ever played a play to pay | 0.168 | * | 0.103 | 0.082 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
5. Ever used real money | 0.115 | 0.144 | 0.131 | 0.304 | *** | — | |||||||||||||||||
6. Duration for online gaming (average hours/day) | 0.300 | *** | 0.370 | *** | 0.057 | 0.344 | *** | 0.131 | — | ||||||||||||||
7. Ever tried a different genre to play | 0.101 | 0.097 | 0.227 | ** | 0.249 | *** | 0.209 | ** | 0.204 | ** | — | ||||||||||||
8. Ever bought a pay-to-play | 0.116 | 0.041 | 0.083 | 0.554 | *** | 0.406 | *** | 0.203 | ** | 0.196 | ** | — | |||||||||||
9. Ever played a paid game | 0.149 | * | 0.046 | −0.004 | 0.466 | *** | 0.248 | *** | 0.204 | ** | 0.154 | * | 0.549 | *** | — | ||||||||
10. Ever bought cosmetics items | 0.114 | 0.163 | * | 0.198 | ** | 0.196 | ** | 0.411 | *** | 0.127 | 0.146 | * | 0.334 | *** | 0.148 | * | — | ||||||
11. Ever bought something to win | 0.086 | 0.264 | *** | −0.070 | 0.117 | 0.288 | *** | 0.102 | 0.078 | 0.120 | 0.183 | * | 0.023 | — | |||||||||
12. Ever played a play to earn money | 0.104 | 0.064 | 0.127 | 0.291 | *** | 0.125 | 0.170 | * | 0.104 | 0.211 | ** | 0.387 | *** | 0.248 | *** | 0.242 | *** | — |
Appendix B
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Self Direction-Thought | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2. Self Direction-Action | 0.595 | *** | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3. Stimulation | 0.372 | *** | 0.451 | *** | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4. Hedonism | 0.330 | *** | 0.460 | *** | 0.386 | *** | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5. Achievement | 0.467 | *** | 0.487 | *** | 0.396 | *** | 0.496 | *** | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6. Power Dominance | 0.015 | 0.053 | 0.108 | 0.195 | ** | 0.215 | ** | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7. Power Resources | 0.044 | 0.122 | 0.096 | 0.244 | *** | 0.340 | *** | 0.524 | *** | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8. Face | 0.166 | * | 0.276 | *** | 0.198 | ** | 0.281 | *** | 0.413 | *** | 0.359 | *** | 0.376 | *** | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
9. Security Personal | 0.422 | *** | 0.507 | *** | 0.195 | ** | 0.364 | *** | 0.469 | *** | 0.098 | 0.215 | ** | 0.419 | *** | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
10. Conformity Rules | 0.337 | *** | 0.307 | *** | 0.180 | * | 0.280 | *** | 0.386 | *** | 0.038 | 0.128 | 0.275 | *** | 0.445 | *** | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
11. Conformity Interpersonal | 0.273 | *** | 0.313 | *** | 0.150 | * | 0.337 | *** | 0.236 | ** | 0.013 | 0.095 | 0.228 | ** | 0.435 | *** | 0.314 | *** | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
12. Playing online game everyday | −0.012 | 0.009 | −0.115 | 0.076 | −0.010 | −0.136 | −0.071 | −0.090 | −0.015 | 0.005 | 0.058 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
13. Duration for online gaming (average hours/day) | 0.072 | 0.021 | 0.007 | 0.108 | −0.058 | −0.100 | 0.034 | −0.101 | −0.020 | −0.079 | 0.118 | 0.370 | *** | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
14. Ever played a pay-to-play | 0.031 | 0.033 | 0.153 | * | 0.066 | −0.064 | 0.049 | 0.025 | −0.121 | −0.078 | −0.067 | 0.116 | 0.103 | 0.344 | *** | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
15. Ever used real money | −0.118 | −0.080 | −0.002 | −0.113 | 0.012 | −0.151 | * | −0.046 | −0.075 | −0.127 | −0.107 | −0.148 | * | 0.144 | 0.131 | 0.304 | *** | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
16. Ever tried a different game genre | 0.155 | * | 0.085 | 0.090 | 0.128 | 0.144 | * | −0.022 | 0.069 | 0.035 | 0.149 | * | 0.055 | 0.103 | 0.097 | 0.204 | ** | 0.249 | *** | 0.209 | ** | — | |||||||||||||||||||
17. Ever bought a pay-to-play | 0.028 | −0.046 | 0.024 | 0.001 | −0.030 | −0.017 | 0.048 | −0.131 | −0.003 | −0.011 | −0.015 | 0.041 | 0.203 | ** | 0.554 | *** | 0.406 | *** | 0.196 | ** | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
18. Ever played a paid game | −0.019 | −0.068 | −0.091 | −0.175 | * | −0.145 | * | −0.059 | −0.018 | −0.139 | −0.092 | −0.012 | −0.025 | 0.046 | 0.204 | ** | 0.466 | *** | 0.248 | *** | 0.154 | * | 0.549 | *** | — | ||||||||||||||||
19. Ever bought cosmetics in-game | −0.033 | −0.033 | 0.092 | 0.100 | 0.032 | −0.152 | * | −0.028 | −0.141 | −0.023 | 0.089 | −0.045 | 0.163 | * | 0.127 | 0.196 | ** | 0.411 | *** | 0.146 | * | 0.334 | *** | 0.148 | * | — | |||||||||||||||
20. Ever bought something to win | −0.092 | −0.042 | −0.019 | −0.081 | 0.021 | −0.036 | −0.053 | −0.054 | −0.182 | * | −0.105 | −0.095 | 0.264 | *** | 0.102 | 0.117 | 0.288 | *** | 0.078 | 0.120 | 0.183 | * | 0.023 | — | |||||||||||||||||
21. Ever played a play-to-earn game | −0.028 | −0.033 | 2.089 × 10−4 | −0.003 | −0.025 | −0.033 | −0.082 | −0.067 | −0.099 | −0.033 | 0.028 | 0.064 | 0.170 | * | 0.291 | *** | 0.125 | 0.104 | 0.211 | ** | 0.387 | *** | 0.248 | *** | 0.242 | *** | — |
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Item | Mean | Standard Deviation | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|
IGD | 55.47 | 11.67 | 24.00 | 88.00 |
Self-direction—thought | 4.68 | 0.81 | 2.33 | 6.00 |
Self-direction—action | 4.75 | 0.80 | 1.67 | 6.00 |
Stimulation | 4.19 | 0.93 | 1.67 | 6.00 |
Hedonism | 4.78 | 0.84 | 1.67 | 6.00 |
Achievement | 4.37 | 0.92 | 1.67 | 6.00 |
Power—dominance | 3.14 | 1.10 | 1.00 | 5.67 |
Power—resources | 3.19 | 1.07 | 1.00 | 6.00 |
Face | 4.23 | 1.06 | 1.67 | 6.00 |
Security—personal | 4.84 | 0.86 | 2.33 | 6.00 |
Conformity—rules | 4.59 | 0.90 | 1.33 | 6.00 |
Conformity—interpersonal | 4.76 | 0.99 | 1.67 | 6.00 |
Model | R | R2 | Adjusted R | Root mean square of errors | p |
IGD on Values | 0.26 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 11.61 | 0.32 |
Model | Sum of Squares | Degree of freedom | Mean of Square | F | p |
IGD on Values | 1725.26 | 11 | 156.84 | 1.16 | 0.32 |
Model | B | Standard Error | Standardized | t | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H0 | 59.80 | 7.31 | 8.18 | <0.001 | |
Self-direction—thought | −1.95 | 1.45 | −0.14 | −1.35 | 0.18 |
Self-direction—action | −0.95 | 1.59 | −0.07 | −0.60 | 0.55 |
Stimulation | −0.91 | 1.11 | −0.07 | −0.82 | 0.41 |
Hedonism | 2.02 | 1.25 | 0.15 | 1.62 | 0.11 |
Achievement | −0.55 | 1.34 | −0.04 | −0.41 | 0.68 |
Power—dominance | 0.23 | 0.95 | 0.02 | 0.24 | 0.81 |
Power—resources | 0.32 | 1.02 | 0.03 | 0.32 | 0.75 |
Face | 0.41 | 1.01 | 0.04 | 0.41 | 0.69 |
Security—personal | 1.32 | 1.38 | 0.10 | 0.96 | 0.34 |
Conformity—rules | −1.62 | 1.09 | −0.13 | −1.49 | 0.14 |
Conformity—interpersonal | 0.72 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.72 | 0.48 |
Online Gaming Behaviors | Number | Ratio (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Online gaming motivation | Advancement | 8 | 4.30 |
Mechanics | 11 | 5.91 | |
Competition | 16 | 8.60 | |
Socializing | 20 | 10.75 | |
Relationships | 7 | 3.76 | |
Teamwork | 21 | 11.29 | |
Discovery | 6 | 3.23 | |
Role Playing | 11 | 5.91 | |
Customization | 7 | 3.76 | |
Escapism | 75 | 40.32 | |
Others | 4 | 2.15 | |
Do you play online games every day? | Yes | 122 | 65.59 |
No | 64 | 34.41 | |
Preference for playing online games | Play alone | 45 | 24.19 |
Play in a team | 103 | 55.38 | |
Both | 38 | 20.43 | |
Have you ever played a pay-to-play online game? | Yes | 123 | 66.13 |
No | 63 | 33.87 | |
Have you ever bought a pay-to-play online game? | Yes | 104 | 55.91 |
No | 82 | 44.09 | |
Have you ever played a paid online game (not free-to-play), not necessarily one you bought yourself? | Yes | 96 | 51.61 |
No | 90 | 48.39 | |
Have you ever used real money to buy something in an online game? | Yes | 156 | 83.87 |
No | 30 | 16.13 | |
Have you ever tried to play a different genre of online game, different from the one you usually play? | Yes | 152 | 81.72 |
No | 34 | 18.28 | |
Duration for online gaming (average hours/day) | 3−6 h/day | 59 | 31.72 |
6−9 h/day | 90 | 48.39 | |
9−12 h/day | 22 | 11.83 | |
12−15 h/day | 10 | 5.38 | |
15−18 h/day | 3 | 1.61 | |
More than 18 h/day | 2 | 1.08 | |
Have you ever bought cosmetic items in-game (which gives no advantage over other players)? | Yes | 105 | 56.45 |
No | 81 | 43.55 | |
Have you ever bought something that gives you advantage/affects the gameplay (such as in pay-to-win games)? | Yes | 92 | 49.46 |
No | 94 | 50.54 | |
Have you ever played a play-to-earn game? | Yes | 69 | 37.10 |
No | 117 | 62.90 | |
Online game genres | Action | 39 | 20.97 |
Role-playing | 68 | 36.56 | |
Strategy | 21 | 11.29 | |
Adventure and casual | 9 | 4.84 | |
Simulation | 10 | 5.38 | |
Sports and racing | 6 | 3.23 | |
Others | 33 | 17.74 |
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Ongkowijaya, J.A.; Andangsari, E.W. Internet Gaming Disorder of Gamers: A Study on Values and Online Gaming Behavior. Eng. Proc. 2024, 74, 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024074031
Ongkowijaya JA, Andangsari EW. Internet Gaming Disorder of Gamers: A Study on Values and Online Gaming Behavior. Engineering Proceedings. 2024; 74(1):31. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024074031
Chicago/Turabian StyleOngkowijaya, Jessica Angelina, and Esther Widhi Andangsari. 2024. "Internet Gaming Disorder of Gamers: A Study on Values and Online Gaming Behavior" Engineering Proceedings 74, no. 1: 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024074031