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Immuno, Volume 4, Issue 3 (September 2024) – 2 articles

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15 pages, 1738 KiB  
Review
Role of Micronutrients in the Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pediatric Patients
by Alexis Hipólito García, Francis Isamarg Crespo, Soriuska José Mayora, Wendy Yackeline Martinez, Inírida Belisario, Christian Medina and Juan Bautista De Sanctis
Immuno 2024, 4(3), 211-225; https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno4030014 - 31 Jul 2024
Viewed by 470
Abstract
Nutrition is essential in developing and maintaining a robust immune system and is vital for immune homeostasis. The pediatric population is particularly vulnerable to dietary changes, as their growth and development require a high energy intake. Malnutrition in infants can have immediate and [...] Read more.
Nutrition is essential in developing and maintaining a robust immune system and is vital for immune homeostasis. The pediatric population is particularly vulnerable to dietary changes, as their growth and development require a high energy intake. Malnutrition in infants can have immediate and long-lasting effects, increasing the risk of morbidity and mortality. Under and overnutrition can slow down the immune response to infections, which can delay recovery. To effectively defend against SARS-CoV-2 infection and enhance viral clearance, it is essential to maintain a healthy diet that includes sufficient macro and micronutrients. Several studies, most of which have been performed in adults, have shown that vitamins such as C, B12, folate, D, and E, as well as the minerals selenium, copper, iron, zinc, and magnesium, can help reduce the symptoms and duration of an infection. Supplementation with micronutrients has been shown to help with childhood malnutrition and can contribute to a more favorable clinical course of COVID-19. In children with obesity, it is also essential to monitor cardiometabolic and thrombotic risks, based on data from studies in adults. This review analyses the impact of the nutritional status of pediatric patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, its contribution to clinical severity, and potential therapeutic interventions. Full article
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25 pages, 2526 KiB  
Review
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Fundamental Mechanisms, Current Status and Future Directions
by Abdullah Younis and John Gribben
Immuno 2024, 4(3), 186-210; https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno4030013 - 5 Jul 2024
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Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are a promising form of immunotherapy that have significantly changed the therapeutic landscape for many advanced cancers. They have shown unique clinical benefit against a broad range of tumour types and a strong overall impact on survival in studied [...] Read more.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are a promising form of immunotherapy that have significantly changed the therapeutic landscape for many advanced cancers. They have shown unique clinical benefit against a broad range of tumour types and a strong overall impact on survival in studied patient populations. However, there are still many limitations holding back this immunotherapy from reaching its full potential as a possible curative option for advanced cancer patients. A great deal of research is being undertaken in the hope of driving advancements in this area, building a better understanding of the mechanisms behind immune checkpoint inhibition and ultimately developing more effective, safer, and wider-reaching agents. Taking into account the current literature on this topic, this review aims to explore in depth the basis of the use of ICIs in the treatment of advanced cancers, evaluate its efficacy and safety, consider its current limitations, and finally reflect on what the future holds for this very promising form of cancer immunotherapy. Full article
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