Geotextiles—A Versatile Tool for Environmental Sensitive Applications in Geotechnical Engineering
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. General Considerations
1.2. Types of Geotextiles
- Woven—these materials are obtained by classic weaving; their mesh opening (pore size and distribution) varies depending on the tightness of the weave; they provide high tensile strength and modulus but poor dimensional stability and resistance to abrasion;
- Nonwoven—they are often referred to as mats, can be manufactured in a large variety of formulations and spatial layouts and provide high strain and permeability; their most relevant feature is their ability to resist damage by local lengthening, despite their low tensile strength;
- Knitted—whether warp-knitted [31] or weft-knitted [32], these fabrics have tridimensional architectures with multiaxial, in-plane and out-of-plane reinforcements; they represent only 5% of the geotextiles currently used, but the demand for knitted geotextiles is rapidly increasing due to their particular mechanical properties [31].
- Mechanical—materials having specific mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and ultimate tensile strength, bursting strength, elasticity, abrasion resistance, bending strength and creep, are needed not only for infrastructure but for agriculture as well;
- Hydraulics—properties such as water permeability and transverse water permeability are considered when geotextiles are used for drainage or to maintain soil humidity;
- Weathering—this category of characteristics refers to the capability of geotextiles to withstand degradation under environmental conditions (humidity, UV–vis irradiation, biologic attack, temperature variation and seasonal freeze–thaw cycles, etc.). Due to the environmental impact of the degradation of geosynthetics, a wise selection of materials and scheduled maintenance (initial assessment of performance and service life, periodic inspections on site, replacement) are of high importance.
1.3. Geotextiles Main Functions
2. Fibers Selected for Geotextiles
2.1. Synthetic Fibers
2.2. Natural Fibers
2.3. Other Fibers
3. Applications of Geotextiles
3.1. Synthetic Geotextiles in Soil Erosion Control
3.2. Synthetic Geotextiles in Railway Infrastructure
3.3. Geosynthetics as Reinforcements
3.4. Geosynthetics for Filtration
3.5. Applications of Geotextiles Made from Natural Fibers
4. Concluding Remarks and Future Trends
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Polymer | Application | Ref. |
---|---|---|
PP | soil erosion control, prevent waterlogging and holding higher stable grounds | [102,103] |
PP | carpet backing for unpaved road and inland reclamation drives at coastal lands | [104] |
PP | as core material in geocomposite drains | [105] |
PP | geotextile filters | [103] |
PP | as a breakwater in marine engineering applications | [105] |
PP | road construction and re-pavement | [106] |
PP, PE | manufacturing artificial grass and geogrids, embankment support and soil reinforcement | [107] |
PET | separation and filtration | [104] |
PET | geogrids, embankment support and soil reinforcement | [105] |
PET | as a puncture-resistant layer over geomembranes in civil applications | [108] |
PET | for tidal barrage protective devices | [107] |
Natural Fibers | Source/Types | Properties | Processing | Application | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water hyacinth | Eichhornia crassipes/stem fibers | high water absorption, low strength, low cost, high availability | woven limited life geotextiles (LLGs) | soil erosion control | [113] |
Reed | Arundo donax/stem fibers | high water absorption, low strength | woven limited life geotextiles | soil erosion control, improve soil quality | [114] |
Roselle or Thai kenaf | Hibiscus sabdariffa/long bast fibers | low moisture absorption, high strength | woven limited life geotextiles | soil reinforcement | [51] |
Sisal | Agave sisalana Perr/long leaves fibers | low moisture absorption, high strength | woven limited life geotextiles | soil reinforcement | [115] |
Coir | Cocos nucifera/coconut shells | good hygroscopicity, with high moisture content per volume unit | coir matting | slope stabilization in highland regions, soil moisture retention | [13] |
Cocos nucifera/coconut husk | high compressibility, low shear strength, high swelling/shrinkage | coir netting | road construction and embankment, eco-friendly drainage/stabilization | [116] | |
Palm | Borassus aethiopum/leaves fibers | proper permeability for cohesive soils, highly effective in rainfall handling, increase saturation/infiltration and decrease runoff, high durability | Borassus palm mats | soil erosion control in temperate climates, soil stabilization and conservation in conditions of non-uniform torrential rains | [117] |
Mauritia flexuosa/leaves fibers | similar to Borassus, but slightly less durable and effective in rainfall handling | Buriti palm mats | soil erosion control, stabilization and conservation | [118] | |
Jute | Corchorus capsularis/bast fibers | size increase in pores under pressure allows fast dewatering rates, low tensile strengths limit their use to smaller tube diameter | woven/nonwoven jute geotextiles tubes | soil erosion control, filtration, drainage | [119] |
Cotton | Gossypium sp./seed fibers | high water repellency associated with dry patch formation underneath, increased water losses, low mechanical properties and durability | various limited-life cotton geotextiles | soil erosion control | [120] |
Bamboo | Bambuasa blumeana/grass fibers | good tensile/breaking strengths, effective in rainfall handling of topsoil mass runoff | fiber ropes | surface erosion, slope stabilization | [121] |
Kenaf | Hibiscus sabdariffa var altissima/bast fibers | high tensile strengths, high resistance at direct shear and pullout | hexagonal, plain and knot-plain woven yarns | soil reinforcement | [122] |
Flax | Linum usitatissimum/bast fibers | high porosity, high hydraulic conductivity and sorption capacity of cationic metals | nonwoven geotextiles | design of wastewater, retention and runoff treatment systems | [123] |
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Tanasă, F.; Nechifor, M.; Ignat, M.-E.; Teacă, C.-A. Geotextiles—A Versatile Tool for Environmental Sensitive Applications in Geotechnical Engineering. Textiles 2022, 2, 189-208. https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles2020011
Tanasă F, Nechifor M, Ignat M-E, Teacă C-A. Geotextiles—A Versatile Tool for Environmental Sensitive Applications in Geotechnical Engineering. Textiles. 2022; 2(2):189-208. https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles2020011
Chicago/Turabian StyleTanasă, Fulga, Mărioara Nechifor, Mauruşa-Elena Ignat, and Carmen-Alice Teacă. 2022. "Geotextiles—A Versatile Tool for Environmental Sensitive Applications in Geotechnical Engineering" Textiles 2, no. 2: 189-208. https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles2020011