Sociodemographic Determinants, Health Conditions, and Mental Status as Predictors of the Functional Status of Older Saudi People
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
Research Questions
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Design and Setting and Participants
3.2. Instrument
3.3. Ethical Consideration and Data Collection Procedure
3.4. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Characteristics, Health Conditions, Chronic Disease and Mental Status of Participants
4.2. Activities of Daily Living of Participants
4.3. Results of Multiple Regression Analysis on Basic Activities of Daily Living
4.4. Results of Multiple Regression Analysis on Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions and Implications for Practice
Limitations of the Study
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sociodemographic Characteristics | f | % | Male f(%) | Female f(%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 96 | 47.29 | ||
Female | 107 | 52.71 | |||
Age (In years) | 65–74 | 146 | 71.92 | 65 (32.02) | 81 (39.90) |
(Mean = 72.36; SD = 5.21) | 75+ | 57 | 28.08 | 21 (10.34) | 36 (17.73) |
Marital Status | Married | 144 | 70.94 | 111 (54.68) | 33 (16.26) |
Separated, Divorced and | 59 | 29.06 | 8 (3.94) | 51 (25.12) | |
Widow/Widower | |||||
Employment Status | Employed | 38 | 18.72 | 29 (14.29) | 9 (4.43) |
Unemployed | 165 | 81.28 | 78 (38.42) | 87 (42.86) | |
Source of Support | Retirement Benefits | 77 | 37.93 | 53 (26.11) | 24 (11.82) |
Family | 126 | 62.07 | 38 (18.72) | 88 (43.35) | |
Highest Education | Elementary | 190 | 93.60 | 126 (62.07) | 64 (31.53) |
Secondary | 13 | 6.40 | 5 (2.46) | 8 (3.94) | |
Residence | Not with Family | 6 | 2.96 | 4 (1.97) | 2 (0.98) |
With Family | 197 | 97.04 | 103 (50.74) | 94 (46.31) | |
Health Conditions | No | 5 | 2.46 | ||
Yes | 198 | 97.54 | 89 (43.84) | 109 (53.69) | |
Chronic Disease | |||||
Lung Problem | No | 198 | 97.54 | ||
Yes | 5 | 2.46 | 2 (0.99) | 3 (1.47) | |
Cancer | No | 200 | 98.52 | ||
Yes | 3 | 1.48 | 1 (0.49) | 2 (0.99) | |
Hearing Problem | No | 184 | 90.64 | ||
Yes | 19 | 9.36 | 8 (3.94) | 11 (5.42) | |
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | No | 77 | 37.93 | ||
Yes | 126 | 62.07 | 54 (26.60) | 72 (35.47) | |
Liver Disease | No | 198 | 97.54 | ||
Yes | 5 | 2.46 | 3 (1.47) | 2 (0.99) | |
Visual Problem | No | 173 | 85.22 | ||
Yes | 30 | 14.78 | 12 (5.91) | 18 (8.87) | |
Gastrointestinal Problem | No | 157 | 77.34 | ||
Yes | 46 | 22.66 | 21 (10.34) | 25 (12.32) | |
Cardiovascular Problem | No | 98 | 48.28 | ||
Yes | 105 | 51.72 | 63 (31.03) | 42 (20.69) | |
Musculoskeletal Problem | No | 146 | 71.92 | ||
Yes | 57 | 28.08 | 31 (15.27) | 26 (12.81) | |
Mental Status Score for Cognitive Function | Mean | SD | Range | ||
19.09 | 6.09 | 0 to 30 |
Activities of Daily Living | Dependent | Needs Assistance | Independent | Mean | Standard Deviation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
f | % | f | % | f | % | (SD) | ||
BasicActivities of Daily Living (Overall) | 2.47 | 0.65 | ||||||
Bathing | 41 | 20.20 | 21 | 10.34 | 141 | 69.46 | 2.49 | 0.70 |
Dressing | 41 | 20.20 | 20 | 9.85 | 142 | 69.95 | 2.50 | 0.70 |
Toileting | 41 | 20.20 | 22 | 10.84 | 140 | 68.97 | 2.49 | 0.71 |
Transferring | 43 | 21.18 | 46 | 22.66 | 114 | 56.16 | 2.35 | 0.82 |
Continence | 50 | 24.63 | 3 | 1.48 | 150 | 73.89 | 2.49 | 0.73 |
Feeding | 47 | 23.15 | 13 | 6.40 | 143 | 70.44 | 2.47 | 0.75 |
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (Overall) | 2.43 | 0.78 | ||||||
Using Telephone | 13 | 6.40 | 45 | 22.17 | 145 | 71.43 | 2.65 | 0.67 |
Traveling | 16 | 7.88 | 85 | 41.87 | 102 | 50.25 | 2.42 | 0.62 |
Shopping | 26 | 12.81 | 60 | 29.56 | 117 | 57.64 | 2.45 | 0.86 |
Preparing Meals | 38 | 18.72 | 63 | 31.03 | 102 | 50.25 | 2.32 | 0.82 |
Housework | 35 | 17.24 | 72 | 35.47 | 96 | 47.29 | 2.30 | 0.85 |
Taking Medicine | 40 | 19.70 | 50 | 24.63 | 113 | 55.67 | 2.36 | 0.81 |
Managing Money | 32 | 15.76 | 30 | 14.78 | 141 | 69.46 | 2.54 | 0.71 |
Basic Activities of Daily Living | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor Variables | Bathing | Dressing | Toileting | Transferring | Continence | Feeding | Overall | |||||||
ß (SE) | p | ß (SE) | p | ß (SE) | p | ß (SE) | p | ß (SE) | p | ß (SE) | p | ß (SE) | p | |
Gender | 0.35 (0.17) | 0.547 | 0.19 (0.18) | 0.568 | 0.07 (0.22) | 0.550 | 0.08 (0.17) | 0.886 | 0.19 (0.21) | 0.556 | 0.01 (0.09) | 0.231 | 0.18 (0.09) | 0.835 |
Age | −0.03 (0.01) | 0.028 * | −0.25 (0.16) | 0.281 | −0.17 (0.13) | 0.391 | −0.06 (0.15) | 0.907 | −0.04 (0.02) | 0.016 * | −0.15 (0.07) | 0.040 * | −0.01 (0.02) | 0.014 * |
Marital Status | −0.01 (0.03) | 0.002 ** | −0.19 (0.21) | 0.541 | −0.01 (0.16) | 0.992 | −0.01 (0.18) | 0.994 | −0.05 (0.20) | 0.023 * | −0.23 (0.05) | 0.328 | −0.14 (0.10) | 0.001 *** |
Employment Status | −0.27 (0.05) | 0.010 ** | −0.06 (0.21) | 0.956 | −0.17 (0.15) | 0.847 | −0.03 (0.09) | 0.641 | −0.14 (0.08) | 0.062 | −0.46 (0.16) | 0.923 | −0.03 (0.12) | 0.001 *** |
Source of Support | −0.47 (0.16) | 0.808 | −0.25 (0.16) | 0.228 | 0.19 (0.15) | 0.427 | 0.06 (0.16) | 0.365 | 0.33 (0.17) | 0.451 | 0.63 (0.17) | 0.432 | 0.19 (0.14) | 0.824 |
Highest Education | −0.14 (0.13) | 0.281 | −0.05 (0.20) | 0.923 | −0.09 (0.32) | 0.099 | −0.04 (0.12) | 0.512 | −0.41 (0.28) | 0.707 | −0.45 (0.08) | 0.657 | −0.04 (0.11) | 0.003 ** |
Residence | −0.19 (0.06) | 0.071 | −0.57 (0.13) | 0.710 | −0.09 (0.19) | 0.109 | −0.09 (0.06) | 0.663 | −0.25 (0.16) | 0.257 | −0.24 (0.18) | 0.074 | −0.38 (0.16) | 0.594 |
Health Conditions | 0.45 (0.13) | 0.001 *** | 0.26 (0.20) | 0.279 | 0.08 (0.04) | 0.307 | 0.09 (0.08) | 0.026 * | 0.32 (0.14) | 0.374 | 0.12 (0.07) | 0.068 | 0.06 (0.15) | 0.001 *** |
Mental Status | 9.48 (2.86) | 0.010 ** | 7.17 (2.45) | 0.010 ** | 6.53 (2.14) | 0.030 * | 6.23 (2.23) | 0.037 * | 8.85 (2.75) | 0.006 ** | 9.23 (2.49) | 0.003 ** | 8.02 (2.41) | 0.036 * |
R2 (Adjusted R2) | 0.660 (0.569) | 0.530 (0.419) | 0.463 (0.361) | 0.554 (0.446) | 0.578 (0.483) | 0.653 (0.548) | 0.681 (0.575) |
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor Variables | Using Telephone | Traveling | Shopping | Preparing Meals | Housework | Taking Medicine | Managing Money | Overall | ||||||||
ß (SE) | p | ß (SE) | p | ß (SE) | p | ß (SE) | p | ß (SE) | p | ß (SE) | p | ß (SE) | p | ß (SE) | p | |
Gender | 0.08 (0.20) | 0.678 | 0.36 (0.08) | 0.214 | 0.63 (0.14) | 0.238 | 0.86 (0.19) | 0.184 | 0.68 (0.15) | 0.278 | 0.44 (0.09) | 0.240 | 0.86 (0.19) | 0.452 | 0.54 (0.12) | 0.830 |
Age | −0.02 (0.08) | 0.204 | −0.61 (0.14) | 0.013 * | −0.55 (0.08) | 0.135 | −0.92 (0.21) | 0.458 | −0.76 (0.18) | 0.012 * | −0.32 (0.07) | 0.273 | −0.38 (0.09) | 0.264 | −0.42 (0.10) | 0.001 *** |
Marital Status | −0.01 (0.04) | 0.864 | −0.46 (0.16) | 0.154 | −0.76 (0.18) | 0.019 * | −0.46 (0.16) | 0.089 | −0.46 (0.16) | 0.291 | −0.46 (0.16) | 0.236 | −0.88 (0.31) | 0.041 * | −0.43 (0.15) | 0.001 *** |
Employment Status | −0.19 (0.08) | 0.018 * | −0.43 (0.12) | 0.185 | −0.74 (0.26) | 0.129 | −0.75 (0.12) | 0.218 | −0.62 (0.13) | 0.116 | −0.50 (0.14) | 0.156 | −0.86 (0.23) | 0.039 * | −0.30 (0.08) | 0.002 ** |
Source of Support | −0.38 (0.25) | 0.133 | −0.62 (0.10) | 0.204 | −0.23 (0.13) | 0.206 | −0.58 (0.28) | 0.113 | −0.41 (0.24) | 0.206 | −0.42 (0.06) | 0.128 | −0.28 (0.12) | 0.216 | −0.01 (0.07) | 0.028 * |
Highest Education | −0.51 (0.25) | 0.050 * | −0.59 (0.14) | 0.183 | −0.34 (0.09) | 0.314 | −0.58 (0.28) | 0.129 | −0.66 (0.20) | 0.017 * | −0.44 (0.19) | 0.275 | −0.91 (0.25) | 0.002 ** | −0.47 (0.17) | 0.001 *** |
Residence | 0.24 (0.21) | 0.356 | 0.35 (0.12) | 0.150 | 0.63 (14) | 0.249 | 0.68 (0.24) | 0.358 | −0.41 (0.24) | 0.591 | 0.41 (0.06) | 0.301 | 0.58 (0.29) | 0.123 | 0.25 (0.16) | 0.455 |
Health conditions | 0.23 (0.19) | 0.249 | 0.43 (0.12) | 0.020 * | 0.28 (0.04) | 0.047 * | 0.42 (0.10) | 0.036 * | 0.24 (0.14) | 0.215 | 0.22 (0.05) | 0.009 ** | 0.48 (0.38) | 0.063 | 0.41 (0.11) | 0.001 *** |
Mental Status | 7.23 (1.76) | 0.028 * | 8.56 (2.23) | 0.019 * | 7.13 (1.89) | 0.031 * | 7.25 (1.72) | 0.004 ** | 7.64 (2.15) | 0.043 * | 7.75 (1.88) | 0.016 * | 7.45 (1.87) | 0.024 * | 7.18 (2.51) | 0.001 *** |
R2 (Adjusted R2) | 0.751 (0.645) | 0.644 (0.554) | 0.675 (0.588) | 0.630 (0.523) | 0.590 (0.488) | 0.425 (0.338) | 0.693 (0.587) | 0.568 (0.456) |
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Al Anazi, N.H.; Carsula, R.P.; Tumala, R.B. Sociodemographic Determinants, Health Conditions, and Mental Status as Predictors of the Functional Status of Older Saudi People. J. Ageing Longev. 2022, 2, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal2010001
Al Anazi NH, Carsula RP, Tumala RB. Sociodemographic Determinants, Health Conditions, and Mental Status as Predictors of the Functional Status of Older Saudi People. Journal of Ageing and Longevity. 2022; 2(1):1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal2010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl Anazi, Naif H., Rene P. Carsula, and Regie B. Tumala. 2022. "Sociodemographic Determinants, Health Conditions, and Mental Status as Predictors of the Functional Status of Older Saudi People" Journal of Ageing and Longevity 2, no. 1: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal2010001