Urothelial Carcinoma: Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment

This reprint focuses on clinical research on urothelial carcinoma (UC). Currently, UC represents the most common type of epithelial tumor diagnosed in Europe, North America, South America, and Asia. Although around 70–75% of newly diagnosed UC manifests as non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, it can also involve the renal pelvis, ureter, and urethra. UC is a multifocal process, with tobacco smoking being the most relevant risk factor in developed countries. Patients with UC of the upper urinary tract have a 30% to 50% chance of developing cancer of the bladder, while patients with bladder cancer have a 2% to 3% chance of developing cancer of the upper urinary tract. UC represents a clinical and social challenge because of its incidence, post-treatment recurrence rate, and prognosis. In recent years, the poor diagnostic accuracy of available diagnostic tools such as urine cytology, white cystoscopy, and conventional imaging modalities has emphasized the urgent need for advancement in clinical guidance for UC. Moreover, novel treatment approaches, both medical and surgical, have significantly impacted the management of these patients. At the same time, the quality of life of these patients has gained growing interest.