*2.4. Cell Culture*

MC3T3-E1 cells (Subclone 14, mouse preosteoblasts, Innochem Ltd., Beijing, China) were cultured in Alpha Minimum Essential Medium (α-MEM, Gibco) with 2 Mm L-glutamine (Gibco) and 1 mM sodium pyruvate (Gibco) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco), 100 U/mL penicillin, and streptomycin (Gibco) in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 in air at 37 ◦C.
