*Article* **Antibiotic Resistance of** *Acinetobacter* **spp. Isolates from the River Danube: Susceptibility Stays High**

**Clemens Kittinger 1, Alexander Kirschner 2,3, Michaela Lipp 1, Rita Baumert 1, Franz Mascher 1, Andreas H. Farnleitner 3,4,5 and Gernot E. Zarfel 1,\* ID**


Received: 29 November 2017; Accepted: 28 December 2017; Published: 30 December 2017

**Abstract:** *Acinetobacter* spp. occur naturally in many different habitats, including food, soil, and surface waters. In clinical settings, *Acinetobacter* poses an increasing health problem, causing infections with limited to no antibiotic therapeutic options left. The presence of human generated multidrug resistant strains is well documented but the extent to how widely they are distributed within the *Acinetobacter* population is unknown. In this study, *Acinetobacter* spp. were isolated from water samples at 14 sites of the whole course of the river Danube. Susceptibility testing was carried out for 14 clinically relevant antibiotics from six different antibiotic classes. Isolates showing a carbapenem resistance phenotype were screened with PCR and sequencing for the underlying resistance mechanism of carbapenem resistance. From the Danube river water, 262 *Acinetobacter* were isolated, the most common species was *Acinetobacter baumannii* with 135 isolates. Carbapenem and multiresistant isolates were rare but one isolate could be found which was only susceptible to colistin. The genetic background of carbapenem resistance was mostly based on typical *Acinetobacter* OXA enzymes but also on VIM-2. The population of *Acinetobacter* (*baumannii* and non*-baumannii*) revealed a significant proportion of human-generated antibiotic resistance and multiresistance, but the majority of the isolates stayed susceptible to most of the tested antibiotics.

**Keywords:** *Acinetobacter*; JDS3; river; water; carbapenemases
