**3. Results**

None of the data were normally distributed (*p* < 0.05). The means that the 96 measured variables were different when compared between each other (*p* < 0.001). Participants in this cross-sectional study were recruited from an orthopedic clinic in Madrid (Spain) over a 2-year period (May 2015 to May 2017). Of the 163 subjects who initially volunteered to participate in the study, 68 subjects did not meet the inclusion criteria. An additional 15 subjects did not present for testing. The remaining 80 subjects participated in the study (Figure 8). The participants were only females; sociodemographic data are shown in Table 1.

All Tables are shown with corresponding values of IMTT and PPH to the static test as well as independent of the dynamic values.

**Figure 8.** Participant flow chart.

**Table 1.** Sociodemographic characteristics of the participants.


Abbreviations: EC = European countries; BMI = body mass index; SD = Standard Deviation; CI = Confidence Interval.

The reliability of the static variables in unshod and heels of 3 cm, 6 cm and 9 cm high are summarized in Table 2. Each condition showed overall excellent reliability [50] with ICCs ranging from 0.902 to 0.997 indicating high reliability. In addition, in general terms, CCC showed a strong statistically significant correlation (*p* < 0.001) between unshod and either high heel in all movements of PPH and MTT except those related to a sagittal plane. The reliability of dynamic variables in unshod subjects for heel heights of 3 cm, 6 cm and 9 cm is summarized in Table 3. Each condition showed an overall excellent reliability [50] with ICCs ranging from 0.898 to 0.999 indicating high reliability. The CCC showed a strong correlation (*p* < 0.001) in all movements of PPH and MTT in dynamic tests, as well. The inter-rater MDC 95% values to static (Table 2) conditions ranged from 14.915◦ to 0.74◦ for sensor 1 (IMTT) and from 7.90◦ to 1.63◦ for sensor 2 (PPH); the inter-rater MDC 95% values to dynamic (Table 3) conditions ranged from 26.78◦ to 1.12◦ for sensor 1 (MTT) and from 27.16◦ to 2.16◦ for sensor 2 (PPH).

The SEM values for 6 cm high heel in static abduction of PPH (Table 2) was 0.591◦ and 0.782◦ for dynamic abduction condition (Table 3); in addition, the SEM was 2.02◦ for valgus movement of PPH in dynamic condition with high heels of 6 cm and 2.33◦ in static condition.



*Sensors* **2019**, *19*, 1328

medial body line; PPH ABD = proximal phalanx of hallux in abduction: PPH away to medial body line; PPH PF = proximal phalanx of hallux in

PPH DF = proximal phalanx of hallux in dorsiflexion:

phalanx of hallux spin to outside: PPH away to medial body line; UNSHOD = barefoot participants without any height in shoe heel; ±SD = standard deviation. Movements and axes

refer to the medial line of the body; all values are expressed in degrees; \* *p*-value < 0.05; \*\* *p*-value < 0.001.

 PPH away to the floor; PPH VL = proximal phalanx of hallux spins to inside: PPH toward medial body line; PPH VR = proximal

plantarflexion:

 PPH toward to the floor;


ReliabilityICCandCCCofdynamicvariablesinunshodversusheelsthatwere3cm,6cm,or9cm

PPH DF = proximal phalanx of hallux in dorsiflexion:

phalanx of hallux spin to outside: PPH away to medial body line; UNSHOD = barefoot participants without any height in shoe heel; ±SD = standard deviation. Movements and axes

refer to the medial line of the body; all values are expressed in degrees; \* *p*-value < 0.05; \*\* *p*-value < 0.001.

 PPH away to the floor; PPH VL = proximal phalanx of hallux spins to inside: PPH toward medial body line; PPH VR = proximal
