*Article* **3D and Boundary E**ff**ects on 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography**

#### **Yin-Chun Hung 1,\*, Chih-Ping Lin 2, Chin-Tan Lee 3 and Ko-Wei Weng 3**


#### Received: 11 June 2019; Accepted: 20 July 2019; Published: 24 July 2019

**Abstract:** Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is one of the most widely used geophysical methods in geological, hydrogeological, and geo-environmental investigations. Although 3D ERT is now available, 2D ERT remains state-of-the-practice due to its simplicity in fieldwork and lower space requirements. 2D ERT assumes that the ground condition is perpendicular to the survey line and outside the survey line is homogeneous. This assumption can often be violated in conditions such as geologic strikes not perpendicular to the survey line and topographic changes or buried objects near the survey line. Possible errors or artifacts in the 2D resistivity tomogram arising from violating the 2D assumption are often overlooked. This study aimed to numerically investigate the boundary effects on 2D ERT under various simplified conditions. Potential factors including resistivity contrast, depth and size of buried objects, and electrode spacing were considered for the parametric studies. The results revealed that offline geologic features may project onto the 2D tomogram to some extent, depending on the aforementioned factors. The mechanism and implications of boundary effects can be drawn from these parametric studies.

**Keywords:** electrical resistivity tomography; boundary effect; 3D effect
