**Correlation of Materials Property and Performance with Internal Structures Evolvement Revealed by Laboratory X-ray Tomography**

#### **Lei Zhang \* and Shaogang Wang \***

Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China

**\*** Correspondence: lzhang@imr.ac.cn (L.Z.); wangshaogang@imr.ac.cn (S.W.); Tel.: +86-24-2397-1551 (L.Z.); +86-24-2397-1823 (S.W.)

Received: 17 July 2018; Accepted: 19 September 2018; Published: 21 September 2018

**Abstract:** Although X-rays generated from a laboratory-based tube cannot be compared with synchrotron radiation in brilliance and monochromaticity, they are still viable and accessible in-house for ex situ or interrupted in situ X-ray tomography. This review mainly demonstrates recent works using laboratory X-ray tomography coupled with the measurements of properties or performance testing under various conditions, such as thermal, stress, or electric fields. Evolvements of correlated internal structures for some typical materials were uncovered. The damage features in a graded metallic 3D mesh and a metallic glass under mechanical loading were revealed and investigated. Micro-voids with thermal treatment and void healing phenomenon with electropulsing were clearly demonstrated and quantitatively analyzed. The substance transfer around an electrode of a Li-S battery and the protective performance of a Fe-based metallic glass coating on stainless steel were monitored through electrochemical processes. It was shown that in situ studies of the laboratory X-ray tomography were suitable for the investigation of structure change under controlled conditions and environments. An extension of the research for in situ laboratory X-ray tomography can be expected with supplementary novel techniques for internal strain, global 3D grain orientation, and a fast tomography strategy.

**Keywords:** X-ray tomography; in situ; mechanics; corrosion; biomaterial; battery
