**4. Conclusions**

In summary, NCL1 suppressed CRPC growth in vitro and ex vivo, showing strong efficacy without adverse events by regulating autophagy and apoptosis. Further, the strong expression of LSD1 was noted in human CRPC cells including those with NED phenotypes. These findings highlight how NCL1 may be considered a novel potential therapeutic agen<sup>t</sup> for CRPC.

### **5. Materials and Methods**

### *5.1. Human Castration-Naïve and Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Specimens*

We obtained five castration-naïve prostate cancer specimens from five patients by needle biopsy. In addition, consecutive castration-resistant prostate cancer specimens after treatment were obtained by surgery or biopsy from the same patients from which previous biopsy specimens had been collected at Nagoya City University and affiliated hospitals between 2010 and 2016. All specimens were obtained after patients had provided written informed consent for the use of their tissues, according to an Institutional Review Board approved protocol with approval number 1168. All cases were evaluated by a panel of experienced pathologists.
