**Abbreviations**

ARE, antioxidant response element; bZIP, basic leucine zipper; CAT, catalase; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; C3G, cyanidin-3-glucoside; Cyto C, cytochrome c; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; FA, ferulic acid; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GR, glutathione reductase; GSH, glutathione; IAPs, inhibitor of apoptosis proteins; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; IKK, IκB kinases; IRAK, interleukin receptor-associated kinases; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; IVA, isovanillic acid; JNK, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase; KEAP1, kelch like-ECH-associated protein 1; LBP, LPS binding proteins; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MAC, mitochondrial apoptosis-induced channel; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MDA, malondialdehyde; MLCK, myosin light chain kinase; MnSOD, manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase; MyD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; NQR, NADH-quinone oxidoreductase; Nrf2, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2; PCA, protocatechuic acid; PGA, phloroglucinaldehyde; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PKB, protein kinase B; PKC, protein kinase C; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SMACs, second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases; S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate; S1PL, S1P lyase; S1PR, S1P receptors; SphK, sphingosine kinases; SQR, succinate-quinone oxidoreductase; TAK1, transforming growth factor beta activated kinase-1; T-AOC, total antioxidant capacity; TJs, tight junctions; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; TNF-<sup>α</sup>, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TRAF, tumor necrosis-associated factor; VA, vanillic acid; ZO-1, zonula occludens-1.
