**Hormetic and Mitochondria-Related Mechanisms of Antioxidant Action of Phytochemicals**

#### **Rafael Franco 1,2,\*, Gemma Navarro 2,3 and Eva Martínez-Pinilla 4,5,6,\***


Received: 23 July 2019; Accepted: 28 August 2019; Published: 4 September 2019

**Abstract:** Antioxidant action to afford a health benefit or increased well-being may not be directly exerted by quick reduction-oxidation (REDOX) reactions between the antioxidant and the pro-oxidant molecules in a living being. Furthermore, not all flavonoids or polyphenols derived from plants are beneficial. This paper aims at discussing the variety of mechanisms underlying the so-called "antioxidant" action. Apart from antioxidant direct mechanisms, indirect ones consisting of fueling and boosting innate detox routes should be considered. One of them, hormesis, involves upregulating enzymes that are needed in innate detox pathways and/or regulating the transcription of the so-called vitagenes. Moreover, there is evidence that some plant-derived compounds may have a direct role in events taking place in mitochondria, which is an organelle prone to oxidative stress if electron transport is faulty. Insights into the potential of molecules able to enter into the electron transport chain would require the determination of their reduction potential. Additionally, it is advisable to know both the oxidized and the reduced structures for each antioxidant candidate. These mechanisms and their related technical developments should help nutraceutical industry to select candidates that are efficacious in physiological conditions to prevent diseases or increase human health.

**Keywords:** CNS; fava beans; glucose; fructose; oxidative stress; vitagenes
