(5) Reform Oversight and Champions

Water reform is embedded across three contexts: (1) a dichotomy between formal and customary laws; (2) multiple governmen<sup>t</sup> bodies nested within each other—in a succession from national to local levels; and (3) water governance across two parallel lines of authority; (i) the Ministry of Water and Irrigation that follows natural water boundaries and (ii) Local Government Authorities, defined by administrative boundaries.

Overlapping mandates across multiple water-governing institutions have contributed to rivalries over horizontally (across lines of governance) and vertically (across hierarchical levels) [77]. Thus, a designated, independent body to provide oversight and to harmonize water managemen<sup>t</sup> across all institutions is required [82].
