*4.3. Design*

Design is a goal-oriented process with multiple stages, including the establishment of goals, a plan to achieve those goals given constraints, implementation (including initial construction and subsequent maintenance), and, ideally, subsequent iterations of goal-setting and redesign [14]. Decisions, whether unconscious or deliberate, at each of these stages have the potential to shape the outcomes of later stages, and ultimately the ecological character of artificial aquatic systems, including their trajectories over time and how they respond to the forcings imposed by their watershed setting. The physical structure and managemen<sup>t</sup> of accidentally created waterbodies obviously does not depend directly on goal-oriented design, though their structure may reflect design decisions and managemen<sup>t</sup> regimes of which they are not the object.
