3.4.1. General Restoration Estimates

Based on a database comprised of 954 observations, Bayraktarov et al. [19] estimate median and average restoration costs of marine coastal habitats at \$80,000/ha and \$1,600,000/ha, respectively (U.S. dollars, 2010). However, the same study states that the real costs are probably a factor 2–4 higher when both capital and operating costs are included. The cost of restoring marine coastal ecosystems depends on three main factors: (1) the area and type of ecosystem (e.g., the type of material or vegetation used in the restoration project); (2) the economy of the country (e.g., developing/developing), which determines labor cost; and (3) the restoration technique applied.


