*2.1. Materials*

Reference compounds (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, gentisic acid, caffeic acid, luteolin, apigenin) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetonitrile, methanol, and water were chromatographic-grade and were bought from Carlo Erba (Milano, Italy). STable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 3(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), 2-,7--dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8- tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), GYKI 52466, phosphate buffer solution (PBS), and other analytical chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chimica (Milan, Italy). Distilled and deionized water was used for the preparation of all samples and solutions and they were used after filtration through HA filters (0.45 μm Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). All standards were diluted to the appropriate obtained concentration and were stored at +4 ◦C in amber vials in a dark place until analysis. Dulbeccos modified Eagles medium (DMEM) and heat-inactivated Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) were obtained from Invitrogen (Milan, Italy). The mouse monoclonal antibody against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and anti-IgG polyclonal antibody were from Chemicon (Prodotti Gianni, Milan, Italy).
