**1. Introduction**

The definition of emergency event (EE) is [1] "events which suddenly take place causing or having the possibility to cause intense death and injury, property loss, ecological damage and social hazards", such as landslides, earthquakes, terrorist attacks, etc. In the World Disaster Report 2016, there were 6090 disasters that took place between 2006 and 2015 in the world. In these disasters, 771,911 people had been killed, 1,917,557 thousands people had been affected and the economic damage had reached 1,424,814 million dollars [2]. From such ghastly statistics, it is necessary to take some strategies to reduce such kinds of losses and impacts on mankind's daily life and socio-economic development. Fortunately, emergency decision making (EDM) is one such kind of strategy, which is defined as a process in which a decision maker (DM) selects the optimal alternative to respond to or control the EE in order that life and property protection and political and social stability can be achieved [3]. Because of the important role in reducing the losses and impacts caused by EEs, EDM has become an active research field in recent years [4–8].

The EDM problem is usually complex and dynamic because the EDM environment is full of risk and uncertainty [9]. Different behavior studies prove that DMs have limited rationality under an environment with risk and uncertainty, and the psychological behavior of DM is an important factor in the EDM process due to its direct influence on decision behavior and outcomes. Hence, some researchers pay close attention to DM's psychological behavior by means of prospect theory (PT), proposed by Kahneman and Tversky in 1979 [10], in the EDM process because of its greatest influence among different behavior theories (such as regre<sup>t</sup> theory [11], disappointment theory [12], third-generation PT [13], etc.) and having achieved fruitful results [1,14–18].

All the research with and without PT has made important contributions to EDM; however, both of them have limitations that they do not take into consideration about the different emergency situations, which are caused by the dynamic evolution and uncertainty of EEs, nor do they consider DM's psychological behavior. Each emergency situation should be considered and be handled by proper measures because of the limited resources in the real world and the importance of DM's psychological behavior in the decision process.

Game theory (GT) is a useful tool for providing a mathematical process to select the optimal strategy for one player with respect to all possible strategies of the other ones throughout the game [19]. Thus, theoretically speaking, GT can help DM select proper measures to deal with different situations that may occur in real-world EEs. The EDM problem is a typical noncooperation game if we regard the EE and DM as the game players [20], in which the emergency situations and the measures are regarded as the strategies of EE and DM, respectively. Therefore, the EDM problems can be solved from the perspective of game theory.

In recent years, some EDM methods based on GT have been studied, which have taken into account different emergency situations dealt with by different measures [20–24]. However, it is necessary to point out that existing EDM methods based on GT build on an assumption that the player (decision maker) has total rationality [24,25]. Nevertheless, different studies [19,26,27] have shown that DMs have limited rationality under an environment with risk and uncertainty, and the DM's psychological behavior is very important to the decision process in EDM problems and must be considered.

To manage the limitations mentioned above, this study proposes a novel EDM method based on GT and PT that takes into account DM's psychological behavior by means of PT and different situations handled by using different measures based on GT.

The outline of this paper is as follows: Section 2 provides a brief introduction of PT and GT that will be utilized in our proposal together with a brief review of related works highlighting the importance of this study. A novel EDM method will be presented in Section 3 that considers both DM's psychological behavior and coping with different emergency situations. Section 4 offers a case study on a typhoon emergency and a comparison with existing studies. Section 5 provides the conclusions and future works of this paper.
