*2.7. Statistical Analysis*

All data were presented as mean ± SEM. Normality of the data and homogeneity of variances were determined by the Shapiro–Wilk and Bartlett tests, respectively. Because we euthanized di fferent rats at each time point, statistical di fferences between groups were determined using Two-Way ANOVA and Bonferroni test (to assess treatment and time-specific changes) using GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). The Mann–Whitney test was used to determine statistical di fferences in sperm motility and DNA oxidation among groups. Di fferences with a *p*-value of ≤0.05 were considered significant.
