**9. E**ff**ects on Proteins**

Oxidative modifications of structural and functional proteins are one of the major factors involved in protein dysfunction. Protein carbonyl content is a commonly used biomarker of oxidative damage of proteins. Toxic adducts derived from LPO can diffuse through membranes allowing the reactive aldehydes to covalently modify proteins [173,174,184,185]. In addition to advanced lipid peroxidation end products (ALEs), products derived from the glycoxidation of carbohydrates, that will form advanced glycation end products (AGEs) can also induce protein carbonylation [169]. There is an excellent recent review of this particular topic focused on the spermatozoa [51] and the reader is referred to it for complete details.
