**Modelling Groundwater Returns to Streams From Irrigation Areas with Perched Water Tables**

**Dougal Currie 1,\*, Tariq Laattoe 2, Glen Walker 3,\*, Juliette Woods 2, Tony Smith 1 and Kittiya Bushaway 2**


Received: 2 March 2020; Accepted: 25 March 2020; Published: 27 March 2020

**Abstract:** Quantifying the magnitude and timing of groundwater returns to streams from irrigation is important for the managemen<sup>t</sup> of natural resources in irrigation districts where the quantity or quality of surface water can be a ffected. Deep vadose zones and perched water tables can complicate the modelling of these fluxes, and model outputs may be biased if these factors are misrepresented or ignored. This study was undertaken in the Murray Basin in southern Australia to develop and test an integrated modelling method that links irrigation activity to surface water impacts by accounting for all key hydrological processes, including perching and vadose zone transmission. The method incorporates an agronomic water balance to simulate root zone processes, semi-analytical transfer functions to simulate the deeper vadose zone, and an existing numerical groundwater model to simulate irrigation returns to the Murray River and inform the managemen<sup>t</sup> of river salinity. The integrated modelling can be calibrated by various means, depending on context, and has been shown to be beneficial for managemen<sup>t</sup> purposes without introducing an unnecessary level of complexity to traditional modelling workflows. Its applicability to other irrigation settings is discussed.

**Keywords:** hydrology; vadose zone modelling; perched water tables; irrigation recharge; groundwater returns to streams; groundwater modelling
