**5. Conclusions**

3D printing has the potential to revolutionize dentistry. This technique allows for a layer-by-layer construction of tissue engineering scaffolds—to create accurate, ye<sup>t</sup> complex scaffold models for personalized patient treatments. Recently, there have been many advances in 3D printing for dentistry: for the periodontal complex, FDM printed scaffolds have been modified to induce greater bone formation, while an SLS printed scaffold has been applied for the first time in a human patient; for dental pulp, a 3D printed hydrogel could support odontoblast cell survivability; for bone and cartilage, modified bioceramic scaffolds induced greater angiogenesis and a modified PCL scaffold induced greater fibrocartilaginous tissue formation. While there are many in vitro studies examining the efficacy of 3D printed scaffolds for tissue engineering, further research must be performed to better understand the potential of these scaffolds in vivo, and to address any unprecedented safety concerns. As this

technology develops, we expect to see a greater number of dental offices equipped with 3D printing technology, not only for the printing of crowns and dentures, but also for the purposes relating to tissue engineering.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, O.T. and S.D.T.; investigation, O.T., J.K.-M., Y.L. and H.M.P.; writing—original draft preparation, O.T., J.K.-M., Y.L., H.M.P. and A.M.C.; writing—review and editing, O.A.E., J.M.K. and S.D.T.; supervision, S.D.T.; project administration, O.T. and S.D.T.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
