*2.2. Preparation of YE*

YE used in the current study was provided by the Mediense Co. Ltd (Chuncheon, Korea). Dried yeas<sup>t</sup> was extracted in boiled distilled water (10% *w*/*v*) at 40–60 ◦C for 24 h, followed by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The resulted supernatants were harvested after filtration with 0.45 μm. YE was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for live culture with cells; a final culture concentration of DMSO was <0.5%.
