*2.4. Oxidative Stress*

The impact of oxidative stress in this experimental model of CKD was evaluated by measuring lipid peroxidation through the levels of thiobarbuturic acid reactive substances (TBARS) according to modified method of Seljeskog et al. [25] and glutathione (both reduced and oxidised) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [26].

The kidney is a major source of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), an anti-oxidant; hence, its expression and activity is a ffected in CKD [4]. The activity of GPx was measured using the commercially available Ransel kit (Randox laboratories, Crumlin, UK) as per Paglia and Valentine [27]. The decrease in absorbance following the concomitant oxidation of NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen to NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) was measured at 340 nm.
