4.1.3. Adoption of Initiatives

Our review identified limited details of AGI initiative adoption details, with a number being at the proposal, pilot or development stage (*n* = 10). For those with uptake statistics, assessments of adoption were complex. While the number of users or downloads (e.g., of a smartphone application) of an initiative seemed a standard measure of uptake, more nuanced patterns and differences between numbers of downloads, active users, repeat users, and those who implemented changes to their livelihood practices were also observed. Tigo Kilimo reported 400,000 registered users in two years. Of these, 61% were repeat users, with many trialling the service once but not returning. 30% of users reported continued use with concurrent use of new agricultural practices or growing new crops more likely. 39% were more likely to experience increased income than those not engaging with the service. An analogous service, Airtel Kilimo, reported similar adoption patterns, observing 6432 of their total 22,438 registered users (December 2014) as active, with approximately 50% of users implementing farming changes. IFFCO Kisan Agriculture App reported 170,000 users (October 2016), of which 10–20% were estimated to be active. Iska self-reported to have reached more than 80,000 farmers [70] and sent more than 8.5 million weather forecasts [71]. However, no data were provided on how farmers benefited from this service, or how weather forecasts improved livelihoods and were received/read. Digital Green claimed to have reached one million individuals across 13,592 villages through their participatory video approach, with 574,222 farmers adopting at least one of the best-practice video promotions. Yet, similar to iska, no data were available regarding individuals that have/have not implemented new practices, and why uptake has/has not occurred.

#### *4.2. Factors Promoting or Limiting AGI Success*

Given the results of the initiatives reviewed, four cross-cutting themes emerged which are important for promoting or limiting the success of AGI initiatives for climate change adaptation: Farmer capacity, delivery approach, technology used, and the organisation delivering the information (summarised in Table 2).


**Table 2.** Summary of factors promoting and limiting the success of AGI initiatives for addressing key agro-climatic challenges.
