**6. Summary**

Learning from past experiences and innovations to promote a successful climate adaptation and development research agenda for the future is crucial [97]. Under increasing livelihood pressures associated with short term, and long term, climate stressors, we advocate that smallholder farmers require diverse and locally-relevant geographic information to aid adaptation for increased food and livelihood security. As we identify, only a small percentage of targeted users of AGI initiatives we reviewed are using and acting on the information provided, which raises questions of the appropriateness of such approaches for addressing key agro-climatic challenges. Addressing these shortcomings is important for supporting smallholders to overcome global risks of extreme weather events, natural disasters, and failures of climate change mitigation and adaptation [98]. Our analysis has identified key recommendations that will serve as a valuable guide for the success of future AGI developments whereby knowledge gaps and implementation challenges should be addressed, particularly to align with the geographically varying needs of smallholder farmers (e.g., [99,100]. Use of AGI initiatives could greatly aid smallholders to move towards climate-smart agriculture [101] for sustainably increasing productivity [44], improving environmental livelihood security [102], and enhancing landscape resilience under a changing climate [103].

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualisation, B.T.H., J.D., E.B. (Eloise Biggs), B.B., E.B. (Eleanor Bruce) and N.W.; Methodology, B.T.H., J.D. and E.B. (Eloise Biggs); Validation, B.T.H. and E.B. (Eloise Biggs); Formal Analysis, B.T.H.; Investigation, B.T.H.; Resources, E.B. (Eloise Biggs) and B.B.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, B.T.H.; Writing—Review and Editing, B.T.H., E.B. (Eloise Biggs), J.D., N.W., B.B. and E.B. (Eleanor Bruce); Visualisation, B.T.H. and E.B. (Eloise Biggs); Supervision, E.B. (Eloise Biggs), B.B. and E.B. (Eleanor Bruce); Project Administration, E.B. (Eloise Biggs), B.B. and E.B. (Eleanor Bruce); Funding Acquisition, E.B. (Eloise Biggs), B.B. E.B. (Eleanor Bruce) and J.D.

**Funding:** This research was funded under project ASEM-2016-30, an Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research (ACIAR) small research activity led by the University of Western Australia in collaboration with the University of Sydney and the University of the South Pacific.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
