**3. Methodology**

To identify AGI initiatives for analysis, literature was assessed from (i) peer-reviewed academic journals, and (ii) projects listed elsewhere or in grey literature, such as through government/ non-governmen<sup>t</sup> organisation, and other key development organisations and/or private sector agency databases. Assessing academic literature involved multiple keyword searches of the Web of Science Core Collection database, which focused on the topic areas of information, climate, and agriculture practices (in that hierarchical order) (Figure 1). Articles were constrained to include only current or recent literature (published after the year 2000; the time period considered to represent the growth of relevant geographic information, the internet, and other ICTs; when mobile technology penetration rates began to expand in developing countries [32]), those published in English language, and only items with full-text versions available. We acknowledge relevant literature will also exist in other languages, such as French, Spanish, Mandarin, or Hindi, among others, and hence incapacity to analyse non-English sources is a limitation of this study [57]. Articles which met all criteria (*n* = 156) were read and either entered into a spreadsheet for summarisation and analysis, or discarded if deemed not relevant. Assessment of relevance was made in relation to the research questions presented in Section 1. An article may have met all search criteria by using geographic information technologies to examine some aspect of improving agricultural practices in the context of climate change, but if the article did not describe initiatives specifically for communicating such information with farmers it was deemed not applicable to our research questions and thus was excluded. This process was performed initially by one author, and afterwards verified by another. Articles were also discarded if they only provided duplication (e.g., multiple articles describing the same initiative).

**Figure 1.** Flow diagram for the academic literature search resulting in 11 relevant papers (12 agricultural geographic information (AGI) initiatives) for analysis (see Table 1 for sources). \* One paper described multiple initiatives.

Assessing grey literature involved identifying databases, sources, agencies, and other websites that may contain information on relevant community, agriculture and climate-related AGI initiatives. Where a database had a large number of initiatives, filtering based on keywords (in line with those presented in Figure 1) produced a subset which was manually reviewed for inclusion in a database used for summarisation and analysis. Grey literature assessment was inherently less systematic and could not be automated, and we note the limitation to findings for inclusion in this paper, as once a perceived cross-section of different types of initiatives was obtained the search was ceased. This resulted in 15 AGI initiatives identified. In total, 27 individual AGI initiatives were identified through the above scholarly and grey literature search methods (See Table 1). All initiatives were summarised and analysed in a spreadsheet according to key information relevant for answering the predefined research questions. This included descriptive information (such as initiative name, source, and year), target location and users, initiative aims and approach to achieving aims, climate-related challenges being addressed (short and long term), geographic technologies adopted, the participatory nature of each initiative, adoption and usage information, and details of if/how the initiative was evaluated and by whom.


**Table 1.** All AGI initiatives identified for this review, including description, target locations and source.

#### **Initiative Description Targeted Country or Region Source Jayalaxmi Agro Tech** Crop-specific smartphone applications for access to agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry information (English and regional languages). India [71] **LandCaRe DSS** Spatial simulation modelling to produce information for stakeholders and farmers involved in decision making related to land managemen<sup>t</sup> and long-term impacts of climate change at regional and farm scales. Germany [72] **Mobile geospatial information for African farmers (MGIAF)** Mobile phone alerts regarding purchasing of drought-tolerant crops for farmers in remote regions. GIS maps for extension officers and community development workers for information dissemination to farmers. Kenya [73] **Mobile market information service (MMIS)** SMS request service for rural farmers to receive information on market information (e.g., product prices) to improve selling practices and decision making. Papua New Guinea [74] **Mobile soil information for African farmers (MSIAF)** Web-mapping platform for providing soil information to farmers and governmen<sup>t</sup> workers. Accessed via the internet or mobile phone. Kenya [73] **(M)obile Solutions** Mobile phone voice and SMS messages (Hindi or a local language) sent to farmers. Contain information relating to weather, pests, seed varieties, climate change and climate-smart technologies. Provides recommended actions. Option for farmers to provide feedback to inform future messaging. India [27] **Participatory Mapping Disaster Risk Reduction Local Knowledge (PMDRRLK)** Participatory approaches and co-produced mapping to improve local resilience to climate change related hazards and increase the use of local environmental knowledge. Switzerland [75] **Plantwise Knowledge Bank** Online and smartphone-based knowledge bank with pest identification tools and factsheets on plant health to aid community farming. Global [62] **Radio Monsoon** National meteorological information and local knowledge for weather forecasts disseminated to fishermen via social media and the internet, landline and mobile phones, and loudspeakers positioned in fishing communities. India [76] **SmartScape** Internet and GIS tool to allow users to experiment with policy options, predict cropping system changes, and compare cropping scenarios. Produces information to be shared with stakeholders, such as policymakers, community agriculture groups, or non-governmen<sup>t</sup> organisations. United States of America [77] **Sowing Application** Smartphone application and SMS used to advise registered farmers best times for sowing seeds based on soil health indicators and rainfall and weather information. Alerts issued for extreme weather conditions that may damage crops or impact farmers. India [78] **Tigo Kilimo** Mobile phone dissemination of information on weather, crops and markets for enhanced decision making to improve food security, livelihoods and household income for farmers. Tanzania [51] **Watershed Management Information System (WATMIS)** Web-based information and decision support system integrating soil, vegetation, climate and other environment information to assist agriculturalists, resource managers and the rural extension community in managing water scarcity. India [79] **World AgroMeteorological Information Service (WAMIS)** Web-server for disseminating agrometeorological products and information bulletins. Provides knowledge and training to large numbers of agriculture stakeholders cost effectively via the internet. Global [80] **Wireless Sensor Network—Decision Support System (WSN-DSS)**Wireless sensor network and web-based decision support system for irrigation scheduling. Supports farmers in restructuring agricultural land to address issues of food securityandinefficientfarming.Tunisia [81]
