**2. Tipping Point**

There appears to be a tipping point, which has not ye<sup>t</sup> been reached, in the critical discussions around holography. The technical process is a little over 70 years old (Gabor 1948), and artists began to work with it as soon as it became viable as a display technique in the mid-1960s (Leith and Upatnieks 1965). Within three years, the first acknowledgement that this new technique might be relevant to artists appeared in the, then recently established, *Leonardo* journal (Wilhelmsson 1968). So, at most, it has been viable for artists for 55 years.

The use of video by artists is of a similar vintage. A recent survey and retrospective exhibition of work by Nam June Paik at Tate Modern in London attempted to chart the significant development of his practice in particular and video art in general—interwoven against a background of the Fluxus movement and enthusiasm for "new" technology. The exhibition drew on 50 years of cultural analysis, which has now generated further (current) critical observation around the impact the "father of video

art" made on a changing media landscape (McMullan 2019). That type of "rolling" analysis has not happened, on a similar scale, with holography. This is not "sour grapes" on the part of myself and others working with holography (although it is easy and convenient to characterise it as such). It is fact.

The comparison between holography and video as media is clearly a blunt one. "Holes" can indeed be "picked" in it, but this type of basic overview can sometimes be helpfully provocative.

#### **3. Attempting to be Critical**

As we change decades, and 55 years on from a declared starting point, this Special Issue aims to offer a platform for critical discussion and a location for artists, curators, writers and cultural observers to place pressure on their practice or that of others invested in the field. The invitation to contribute cited the work of artist Margaret Benyon (1940–2016), her considerable and considered practice and the doctoral dissertation "How is Holography Art?", which she submitted to the Royal College of Art, London (Benyon 1994).

It is a fascinating read, all 226 pages of it, and it charts her attempt, through practice and precise critical analysis of the work she produced, to answer the question. It appears to be the most extensive catalogue and interrogation of a single artist's work by an artist who had developed a clear practice using holography. It has not been published, although attempts were made by Benyon to do so (Pepper 1995). Apparently, it was not thought to "have an audience", and that analysis is a persistent one. A literature review clearly indicates that the books that are published deal with the technical aspects of an optical process; generalised, procedural development; self-help or broad cultural observations framed from a scientific or engineering point of view. Within these publications, there are moments of critical commentary, but they lack depth, context or authority.

Through this Special Issue, there might be a more contemporary analysis 25 years after Benyon's attempted to untangle the question she posed.

This is a compact, nine-paper Special Issue. Makers and observers are still sitting uncomfortably on the fence. Authors who did submit their observations and opinions have contributed to what is, I hope, a significant "moment" in the reflective and critical analysis of the medium. It includes the following:


Not everyone felt able, or willing, to place pressure on their practice or dogmas, so I would like to thank those who are published here for their bravery and tenacity. I have witnessed the editorial process as these papers have developed during the past months and seen how robust editorial questioning has focused attention, exposed conflict and adjusted "voices". The cumulative result is a timely "litmus test", manifested through the observations of creative practitioners willing to investigate their practice (and possible insecurities) while attempting to place their activities in a more comprehensive, cultural and critical context. Perhaps, this Special Issue will become a moment of slight disruption. An opportunity to develop further questions that will place pressure on the critical values and aspirations of those who are developing holography as a medium, methodology and critical framework.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding. **ConflictsofInterest:**Theauthordeclaresnoconflictofinterest.
