*Article* **A Hybrid Framework for High-Performance Modeling of Three-Dimensional Pipe Networks**

**Shaohua Wang 1,2, Yeran Sun 3,\*, Yinle Sun 4, Yong Guan 5, Zhenhua Feng 4, Hao Lu 4, Wenwen Cai 4 and Liang Long 1**


Received: 22 July 2019; Accepted: 29 September 2019; Published: 8 October 2019

**Abstract:** Three-dimensional (3D) pipe network modeling plays an essential part in high performance-based smart city applications. Given that massive 3D pipe networks tend to be difficult to manage and to visualize, we propose in this study a hybrid framework for high-performance modeling of a 3D pipe network, including pipe network data model and high-performance modeling. The pipe network data model is devoted to three-dimensional pipe network construction based on network topology and building information models (BIMs). According to the topological relationships of the pipe point pipelines, the pipe network is decomposed into multiple pipe segmen<sup>t</sup> units. The high-performance modeling of 3D pipe network contains a spatial 3D model, the instantiation, adaptive rendering, and combination parallel computing. Spatial 3D model (S3M) is proposed for spatial data transmission, exchange, and visualization of massive and multi-source 3D spatial data. The combination parallel computing framework with GPU and OpenMP was developed to reduce the processing time for pipe networks. The results of the experiments showed that the hybrid framework achieves a high efficiency and the hardware resource occupation is reduced.

**Keywords:** three-dimensional (3D) pipe network; building information models (BIM); spatial 3D model (S3M); parallel computing; SuperMap GIS
