*Article* **Data-driven Bicycle Network Analysis Based on Traditional Counting Methods and GPS Traces from Smartphone**

#### **Federico Rupi \*, Cristian Poliziani and Joerg Schweizer**

DICAM- University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy **\*** Correspondence: federico.rupi@unibo.it; Tel.: +39-51-209-3345

Received: 4 June 2019; Accepted: 24 July 2019; Published: 25 July 2019

**Abstract:** This research describes numerical methods to analyze the absolute transport demand of cyclists and to quantify the road network weaknesses of a city with the aim to identify infrastructure improvements in favor of cyclists. The methods are based on a combination of bicycle counts and map-matched GPS traces. The methods are demonstrated with data from the city of Bologna, Italy: approximately 27,500 GPS traces from cyclists were recorded over a period of one month on a volunteer basis using a smartphone application. One method estimates absolute, city-wide bicycle flows by scaling map-matched bicycle flows of the entire network to manual and instrumental bicycle counts at the main bikeways of the city. As there is a fairly high correlation between the two sources of flow data, the absolute bike-flows of the entire network have been correctly estimated. Another method describes a novel, total deviation metric per link which quantifies for each network edge the total deviation generated for cyclists in terms of extra distances traveled with respect to the shortest possible route. The deviations are accepted by cyclists either to avoid unpleasant road attributes along the shortest route or to experience more favorable road attributes along the chosen route. The total deviation metric indicates to the planner which road links are contributing most to the total deviation of all cyclists. In this way, repellant and attractive road attributes for cyclists can be identified. This is why the total deviation metric is of practical help to prioritize bike infrastructure construction on individual road network links. Finally, the map-matched traces allow the calibration of a discrete choice model between two route alternatives, considering distance, share of exclusive bikeway, and share of low-priority roads.

**Keywords:** GPS traces; cycling volumes; cyclists' counts; cycling network; total deviation metric; route choice model
