**Appendix B**

**Figure A1.** Nickel 2p X-ray photoelectron spectra of the spent Ni-Cu (red spectrum), Ni-Fe (green spectrum) and Ni-Pt (purple spectrum) catalysts recovered from deoxygenation experiments.

**Figure A2.** Nickel 2p X-ray photoelectron spectra of the spent Ni-Cu (red spectrum), Ni-Fe (green spectrum), and Ni-Pt (purple spectrum) catalysts recovered from deoxygenation experiments after calcination in air at 450 ◦C for 5 h.

**Figure A3.** Nickel 2p X-ray photoelectron spectra of the spent Ni-Cu (red spectrum), Ni-Fe (green spectrum) and Ni-Pt (purple spectrum) catalysts recovered from deoxygenation experiments after calcination in air at 450 ◦C for 5 h and reduction under H2 at 400 ◦C for 3 h.

**Figure A4.** Carbon 1s X-ray photoelectron spectra of the spent Ni-Cu (red spectrum), Ni-Fe (green spectrum), and Ni-Pt (purple spectrum) catalysts recovered from the deoxygenation experiments.

**Figure A5.** Carbon 1s X-ray photoelectron spectra of the spent Ni-Cu (red spectrum), Ni-Fe (green spectrum), and Ni-Pt (purple spectrum) catalysts recovered from the deoxygenation experiments after calcination in air at 450 ◦C for 5 h.

**Figure A6.** Carbon 1s X-ray photoelectron spectra of the spent Ni-Cu (red spectrum), Ni-Fe (green spectrum), and Ni-Pt (purple spectrum) catalysts recovered from the deoxygenation experiments after calcination in air at 450 ◦C for 5 h and reduction under H2 at 400 ◦C for 3 h.

**Figure A7.** Copper 2p X-ray photoelectron spectra of the spent Ni-Cu catalyst after the deoxygenation experiment (red spectrum), after calcination in air at 450 ◦C for 5 h (green spectrum), and reduction under H2 at 400 ◦C for 3 h (purple spectrum).

**Figure A8.** Iron 2p X-ray photoelectron spectra of the spent Ni-Fe catalyst after the deoxygenation experiment (red spectrum), after calcination in air at 450 ◦C for 5 h (green spectrum), and reduction under H2 at 400 ◦C for 3 h (blue spectrum).

**Figure A9.** TEM micrographs and elemental maps of the fresh (**left**) and spent (**right**) Cu-promoted catalysts showing both the formation of large particles during catalyst aging and the close association of Ni and Cu irrespective of the catalyst state (fresh or spent). Note that micrographs and elemental maps correspond to different regions. The yellow box on the bottom right micrograph denotes the Cu-hollow space.

**Figure A10.** TEM micrographs and elemental maps of the fresh (**left**) and spent (**right**) Fe-promoted catalysts showing both the formation of large particles during catalyst aging and the degree of association between Ni and Fe in the fresh and spent formulations. Note that micrographs and elemental maps correspond to different regions. The yellow circles on the bottom micrographs denote the Fe-hollow spaces.

**Figure A11.** TEM micrographs and elemental maps of the fresh (**left**) and spent (**right**) Pt-promoted catalysts showing both the formation of large Ni particles during catalyst aging and the degree of association between Ni and Pt in the fresh and spent formulations. Note that micrographs and elemental maps correspond to different regions.

**Figure A12.** TPR profiles of the spent catalysts after calcination in air at 450 ◦C for 5 h. Variations in the baseline were magnified by the presence of the SiC diluent (which further reduced the limited amount of sample available for analysis); however, all reduction events are clearly resolved.
