*2.2. Liquid-Liquid Extraction*

Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) has been exploited as an extraction procedure for kanamycin from complex matrices. In a published method, veal muscle samples were extracted using CH3CN-H2O (86:14 *v*/*v*), followed by a defatting step using hexane liquid-liquid extraction [22].

A new pre-preparation technique of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet (DLLME-SFO) was developed, which is a new kind of LLE method that could be applied in the analysis of volatile and polar compounds, like kanamycin. In wastewater and soil, kanamycin is extracted with dodecanol (extraction solvent) and ethanol (dispersive solvent) [23]. Compared with conventional sample preparation methods, the proposed derivatization followed by DLLME-SFO procedure significantly reduced the consumption of organic solvent with high enrichment factor. The DLLME-SFO method facilitated high extraction e fficiency and further wide linear range, with good precision, and lower detection limit. The recovery was found to be between 91.3–102.7% for wastewater and 90.3–107.7% for soil. The linearity range was 0.5–500 ng/mL. The LOD was 0.012 ng/mL and LOQ was 0.05 ng/mL [23].
