*3.2. Fungal Strain*

The strain *Penicillium* sp. KMM 4672 was isolated from brown alga *Padina* sp. (Van Phong Bay, South China Sea, Vietnam) on malt extract agar, and identified on the basis of morphological and molecular features, as described earlier [20].

The strain *Aspergillus* sp. KMM 4676 was isolated from an unidentified colonial ascidian (Shikotan Island, Pacific Ocean) on malt extract agar, and identified on the basis of morphological and molecular features as described earlier [30].

The strain *Aspergillus flocculosus* was isolated from a sediment sample (Nha Trang Bay, South China Sea, Vietnam) by inoculating on modified Sabouraud medium (peptone 10 g, glucose 20 g, agar 18 g, natural sea water 1000 mL, penicillin 1.5 g, streptomycin 1.5 g, pH 6.0–7.0). The fungus was identified according to a molecular biological protocol by DNA amplification and sequencing of the ITS region (GenBank accession number MH101466.1). BLAST search results indicated that the sequence was 100% identical (796/796 bp) with the sequence of *Aspergillus flocculosus* strain NRRL 5224 (GenBank accession number EU021616.1).
