**7. Conclusions**

The 2019 findings showed that 34% of U.S. pharmacists devoted their time primarily to medication providing (compared to 40% in 2009 and 2014), 52% contributed a significant portion of their time to patient care service provision (compared to 40% in 2009 and 2014), and the remaining 14% contributed most of their time to other health-system improvement activities. Distinguishing characteristics of the segments suggested that recent growth in the pharmacist workforce has been in the patient care services, with more being provided through remote means in organizations that are not licensed as pharmacies. The findings have implications for pharmacist training, continuing education, labor monitoring, regulations, work systems, and process designs. These changes will create new roles and tasks for pharmacy organizations and personnel that will be needed to support emerging patient care services provided by pharmacists.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization was completed by all co-authors; methodology, W.D., M.W.; software, W.D., M.W., J.S.; validation, all co-authors.; formal analysis, J.S.; investigation, J.S.; resources, W.D., M.W.; data curation, W.D., M.W.; writing—original draft preparation, J.S.; writing—review and editing was completed by all co-authors.; project administration, W.D., M.W.; funding acquisition, W.D., M.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by a gran<sup>t</sup> from the Pharmacy Workforce Center, Alexandria, VA and by the University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA.

**Acknowledgments:** We appreciate the contributions to survey development, data collection, and data managemen<sup>t</sup> by Scott Egerton, University of Iowa. An earlier version of this manuscript was accepted for presentation at the 2020 American Pharmacists Association Annual Conference.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
