**4. Conclusions**

Although micronutrient malnutrition is still a challenging problem, progress has been achieved in the development of biofortified crops, either by enhancing the content of key microelements such as iron and zinc or by developing *lpa* mutants with good agronomic performance [1]. Enhancing the content of key microelements has been achieved essentially by breeding, while studies on the elucidation of the mechanisms, and therefore of the genes, involved in micronutrient uptake and efficient storage in the seed are still in progress [1–3].

Advances have been achieved in understanding the function of a number of structural genes involved in PA biosynthesis [7,8,11] and new genes, not obviously correlated to PA biosynthesis and storage, have been discovered to play a role in PA accumulation in the seed [5,6]. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that many negative pleiotropic e ffects commonly associated with *lpa* mutants may be overcome by e fficient breeding, thus making reasonable and convenient the production of *lpa* mutants [4,9,10]. To reinforce this convenience, there are also social and economic considerations, as clearly explained in the review by Raboy [4].

In conclusion, it is quite clear that, at the moment, the most promising strategy to produce e ffective biofortified crops is by combining seed PA reduction (*lpa* mutants) with increased seed mineral content, as a number of results provide evidence showing that PA is still the main limiting factor to cations' bioavailability in the diet of humans and monogastric animals [15].

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization E.C.; writing E.C., R.P. and F.S.; funding E.C. and F.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was co-funded by sPATIALS3 project, financed by the European Regional Development Fund under the ROP of the Lombardy Region ERDF 2014–2020—Axis I "Strengthen technological research, development and innovation"—Action 1.b.1.3 "Support for co-operative R&D activities to develop new sustainable technologies, products and services"—Call Hub.

**Acknowledgments:** We would like to deeply thank all the colleagues who contributed to this Special Issue.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
