*4.2. Bootstrapping-DEA Efficiency*

To understand Macao's gambling industry's efficiency, the efficiency of bootstrapping-DEA based on variable returns to scale (VRS) was calculated. Table 2 demonstrates the results of bootstrapping-DEA efficiency. Figure 2 illustrates the gambling industry's efficiency along with the economic diversification in Macao from 2008–2016.


**Table 2.** Gambling industry's efficiency and economic diversification in Macao.

**Figure 2.** The gambling industry's efficiency and economic diversification in Macao.

Figure 2 show the bootstrapping-DEA efficiency and entropy index of economic diversification from 2008 to 2016. In terms of the gambling industry's efficiency, both the traditional DEA-BCC efficiency and bootstrapping-DEA efficiency of Macao's gambling industry in 2016 were less than 1. Both the DEA-BCC efficiency and bootstrapping-DEA efficiency were 1 in 2013 and 2014. However, the DEA-BCC efficiency and bootstrapping-DEA efficiency showed big differences from 2008 to 2011. Bootstrapping-DEA was less efficient than DEA-BCC from 2008 to 2011. The bootstrapping-DEA efficiency is more efficient because it reduces errors by repeated sampling.
