*1.3. Why Not Analytical Models?*

ABM is in principle the counterpart to analytical modelling and analysis. ABM addresses local interaction between agents posing emergence (the global behaviour), whereas analytical models often cover the mapping of individual behaviour on global behaviour directly (the hard-to-predict aggregate outcome) [6]. Analytical models are well established in social science and address both empirical and formal methods that pose their strength with respect to some of the fundamental analysis challenges in social science [7]. The main issue of analytical modelling, e.g., spatial analysis, is their limitation when it comes to covering a broad diversity in social models, i.e., addressing minor variances that occur in real-world systems [8]. This work demonstrates the introduction of the variance of real humans by crowd sensing integrated into the agent-based simulation. It could be shown that small local disturbances have a significant effect on global structures and that interaction is not covered by current analytical models. But ABM can rely on analytical micro-scale models, shown, e.g., by the Sakoda segregation model and the social expectation function (see Section 7).
