*3.1. Architecture for Outdoor Applications*

The proposed communications architecture is depicted in Figure 2. As can be observed, it comprises three different layers. The layer at the bottom consists of the different IoT LoRaWAN nodes that are deployed throughout the campus. Such nodes communicate with LoRaWAN gateways that comprise the Fog Layer, since they also act as fog computing gateways, thus providing fast location-aware responses to the LoRaWAN node requests. Every fog gateway is essentially a Single Board Computer (SBC) that embeds Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth interfaces besides a LoRaWAN transceiver. Finally, the top layer is the cloud, where user applications run together with data storage services.

**Figure 2.** Proposed LoRaWAN-based smart campus architecture.
