*4.2. Scenario under Analysis*

This article presents a case study conducted in the northwest of Spain at the Campus of Elviña of the University of A Coruña. The campus covers an area of 26,000 m2 and includes elements typically found in an urban environment, such as buildings of different heights, sidewalks, roads, green areas, trees, and cars, among others. Due to the large size of the environment to be analyzed, two different scenarios were created for the simulations (in Figure 4), which correspond to the two scenarios delimited by a green and a red rectangle in the real scenario shown in Figure 5. It must be noted that the two rectangular scenarios were selected within the campus (red on the left and green on the right) to cover eight faculties. The rectangular shape is required by the 3D Ray-Launching simulator. The points marked as *M, A, Q, R* correspond to different reception distances from the transmitter (*T*). To obtain accurate results, the created scenarios include the urban elements previously mentioned. Furthermore, realistic object sizes as well as material properties (permittivity and conductivity) were taken into account. For the experiments, the LoRaWAN gateway explained in Section 3.3 was placed at the spot indicated by the red dot in the two images shown in Figure 4. Please note that the location corresponds to a single position, which is in the third floor of the faculty of Computer Science (located in the intersection of the two rectangles of Figure 5, marked in such a Figure with a blue *T*).

**Figure 4.** Simulated scenarios of the smart campus. (**a**) Red scenario; (**b**) Green scenario.

**Figure 5.** Aerial view of the Campus of Elviña, with the areas delimited for smart campus applications (Source: c 2019 Google).
