*3.3. LoRaWAN Testbed Implementation*

A LoRaWAN network consisting on a gateway and several nodes was deployed. A RisingHF RHF0M301 module [108] installed on a Raspberry Pi 3 was selected as gateway. Such a module is equipped with a dual digital radio front-end interface with a typical sensitivity of −137 dBm. The module is capable of simultaneous dual-band operation and supports Adaptive Data Rate (ADR), automatically changing between LoRa spreading factors. It can use a maximum of 10 channels: 8 multi Spreading Factor (SF) channels (SF7 to SF12 with 125 KHz of bandwidth), one FSK channel and one LoRa channel. Another interesting feature of the module is its ability to operate with negative Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNRs), with a Co-Channel Rejection (CCR) of up to 9 dB. It also supports LoRaWAN classes A, B, and C and its maximum output power is 24.5 dBm.

A 0 dBi antenna was used for the tests. The module is installed on a Raspberry Pi 3 using the provided bridge (RHF4T002). To access the LoRaWAN RFID module, configure the node, and access the message and the transmission parameters, the following software was installed on the Raspberry Pi 3: Raspbian Stretch (Linux raspberrypi 4.14.70-v7+), LoRa Gateway v5.0.1, LoRa Packet Forwarder v4.0.1 and LoRaWAN-Server v0.6.0.

The LoRa gateway was configured as follows:


A RisingHF RHF76-052 module [109] was used by the LoRaWAN nodes (one of such nodes can be observed on the right of Figure 3). The module has a maximum sensitivity of −139 dBm with spreading factor 12 (SF12) and 125 kHz of bandwidth, channels (0–2) at 868.1, 868.3 and 868.5 MHz, and a maximum output power of 14 dBm. During the experiments presented in this paper, the module made use of the pre-installed wired antenna.

**Figure 3.** LoRaWAN IoT node during the empirical measurement campaign.
