*2.3. Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities (MIC90) of Prepared Emulsions*

The effect of chamomile Pickering nanoemulsion, conventional emulsion, and essential oil in ethanol on the growth of some foodborne microbes and opportunistic fungi have been evaluated. The CPe has been shown to have good antibacterial and antifungal activities (MIC90) on *Escherichia coli* (*E. coli*) (2.19 μg/mL)*, Pseudomonas aeruginosa* (*P. aeruginosa*) (1.02 μg/mL)*, Bacillus subtilis* (*B. subtilis*) (1.13 μg/mL)*, Staphylococcus aureus* (*S. aureus*) (1.06 μg/mL)*, Streptococcus pyogenes* (*S. pyogenes*) (2.45 μg/mL)*, Schizosaccharomyces pombe*(*S. pombe*) (1.28 μg/mL)*, Candida albicans*(*C. albicans*) (2.65 μg/mL)*,* and *Candida tropicalis* (*C. tropicalis*) (1.69 μg/mL)*,* respectively when compared to CT80 counterpart (*P* < *0.01*). CPe showed antimicrobial activity on the selected microbes at an average of fourteen-fold less concentration compared with free essential oil in ethanol (CEt). Simultaneously, CPe showed a similar antifungal

effect as caspofungin (Cas) on *Candida tropicalis.* The comparative dose–response curves are shown in Figures 2 and 3 for bacteria and fungi, respectively.

**Figure 2.** Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) of CPe, CT80, CEt, and vancomycin (Van, μg/mL) on *E. coli* (**A**), *S. aureus* (**B**), *B. subtilis* (**C**), *P. aeruginosa* (**D**), and *S. pyogenes* (**E**).

**Figure 3.** Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) of CPe, CT80, CEt, and caspofungin (Cas, μg/mL) on *S. pombe* (**A**), *C. albicans* (**B**), and *C. tropicalis* (**C**).
