**Abbreviations**

ADP: adenosine diphosphate; AICAR, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide; ALDH1L1, cytoplasmic 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase; ALDH1L2, mitochondrial 10-formyltetrahydrofolate

dehydrogenase; AMP, adenosine monophosphate; AMPK, AMP kinase; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CR, calorie restriction; CYB5R3, cytochrome b5 reductase 3; DAF-16, dauer formation-16; DAF-2, dauer formation-2; DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone; DPI, diphenyleneiodonium; DR, dietary restriction; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ETC, Electron transport chain; FOXO, forkhead box O; G6PD, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; GCL, glutamate-cysteine ligase; GDH-1, glutamate dehydrogenase-1; GPI-1, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase-1; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, glutathione disulfide; GSR, glutathione reductase; HDAC, histone deacetylase; HSF-1, heat shock factor-1; IDH1, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (cytoplasmic); IDH-1, *C. elegans* isocitrate dehydrogenase-1; IDH2, isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (mitochondrial); IDH-2, *C. elegans* isocitrate dehydrogenase-2; Idh, *Drosophila* isocitrate dehydrogenase; ICL-1, isocitrate lyase-1; Km, Michaelis constant; MATa, haploid mating type a; MAT<sup>α</sup>, haploid mating type α; Men, *Drosophila* cytoplasmic malic enzyme; Men-b, *Drosophila* mitochondrial malic enzyme; MEN-1, *C. elegans* malic enzyme; ME1, malic enzyme 1; ME3, malic enzyme 3; MFRTA, Mitochondrial free radical theory of aging; MSRA, methionine sulfoxide reductase A; MSRB, methionine sulfoxide reductase B; MTAP, methylthioadenosine phosphorylase; MTHFD1L, methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 like; mV, milliVolt; mM, milliMolar; N2N1, 1-naphthoquinone-2-monoxime; NAC, N-acetylcysteine; NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized form); NADK, NAD+ kinase; NADK2, mitochondrial NAD+ kinase; NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced form); NADP+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (oxidized form); NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form); NAMPT, nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase; NQO1, NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1; NNT, nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase; Nox4, NADPH oxidase 4; Nrf2, Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2; PARP, poly-ADP-ribose polymerase; 6PGD, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase; PNP, purine nucleoside phosphorylase; PPP, pentose phosphate pathway; PRDX, peroxiredoxin; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SARM1, Sterile alpha and TIR motif containing 1; SKN-1, skinhead-1; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TFAM, mitochondrial transcription factor A; TPNOX, triphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidase; TRXR-1, *C. elegans* cytoplasmic thioredoxin reductase; TRXR-2, *C. elegans* mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase; TXN, cytoplasmic thioredoxin; TXN2, mitochondrial thioredoxin, TXNRD1, cytoplasmic thioredoxin reductase; TXNRD2, mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase; UPRmt, mitochondrial unfolded protein response; VA, violuric acid; Vmax, maximal velocity.
