**16. Conclusions**

While the overall field of phosphoinositide regulation and signaling has made dramatic advances in recent years, our understanding of specific regulatory pathways in specific cell types of the retina remains limited. The emergence of new technologies for cell-type-specific gene manipulation, along with imaging techniques for subcellular localization of phosphoinositides, their regulatory enzymes and their effector proteins, and the development of more sensitive methods for measuring PI levels, bodes well for rapid progress in understanding the roles of retinal phosphoinositides in the coming years.

**Funding:** The author's research in this area has been supported by NIH grants R01-EY007981, R01-EY025218 and the Robert A. Welch Foundation, Q0035.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The author declares no conflicts of interest relevant to this paper.
