*2.1. Experimental Materials*

The material used in experiment was Ti3Al-based alloy (Ti-23Al-17Nb (at%)). As it can be seen from Figure 1, the original structure of the alloy is a mixture of α2, O, and β phases, where the matrix phase is α<sup>2</sup> with an approximate size of 15 μm. Numerous acicular O with a length of 10 μm and alternate β phases are distributed across the equiaxed α<sup>2</sup> phase matrix and its chemical composition can be seen in Table 1.

**Figure 1.** Microstructure of Ti3Al-based alloy.

**Table 1.** Chemical composition of Ti3Al-based alloy titanium alloy (wt%).

