**3. Modeling of the Dendritic Growth**

The growth of columnar grains and equiaxed grains was simulated in the modeling. The CET can be calculated when the volume fraction for equiaxed grains reached a given limit at the solidification front. The thermal properties of the material used in the present simulation are shown in Table 2 [18].


**Table 2.** Material properties' parameters used in the microstructure simulation.
