**6. Conclusions**

Oxidative stress resulting from overproduction of ROS is a key element of the immune system's response to combat pathogens and initiates tissue repair. However, metabolic modifications resulting from overproduction of ROS also have many negative aspects and lead to the development and/or exacerbation of many diseases. It is believed that the endocannabinoid system, which includes G-protein coupled receptors and their endogenous lipid ligands, may be responsible for the therapeutic modulation of oxidative stress in various diseases. In this context, the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol, which was identified several decades ago and may interact with the cannabinoid system, is a promising molecule for pharmacotherapy.

Relatively recently, multidirectional biological e ffects have been demonstrated in various preclinical models, including the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory e ffects of cannabidiol [14,73]. In the context of the above data, CBD seems to be more preferred than other compounds from the phytocannabinoid group. Regardless of the beneficial pharmacological e ffects of CBD itself, if this compound is present in the Δ9-THC environment, the undesirable e ffects of 99-THC are reduced, which improves its safety profile [132].

Important in CBD therapeutic applications is the lack of psychotropic e ffects. Furthermore, this phytocannabinoid is not teratogenic or mutagenic [133]. Until recently, CBD was thought to have only low toxicity to humans and other species [134], but recent studies indicate an increase in ALT and AST levels after CBD treatment, which disqualifies it as the drug of choice [135,136]. In addition, it has been found that CBD may interfere with the hepatic metabolism of some drugs by inactivating cytochrome P450 3A and P450 2C [137]. Such interactions should be considered when co-administering CBD with other drugs metabolized by above enzymes.

In order to find compounds with a greater therapeutic profile and activity than CBD, without any adverse e ffects, the biological properties of both natural and synthetic CBD derivatives were checked, with the hope of finding the perfect derivative that provides a close to ideal therapeutic e ffect.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, E.S.; writing—original draft preparation, S.A. and I.J.-K.; writing—review and editing, E.S.; visualization, S.A.; supervision, E.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** S.A.: co-author of the work, was supported by the project which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie gran<sup>t</sup> agreemen<sup>t</sup> No 754432 and the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, from financial resources for science in 2018-2023 granted for the implementation of an international co-financed project.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
