*2.3. Phytochemistry of M. koenigii*

A wide range of phytochemicals have been isolated from the leaves, roots, and stem bark of *M. koenigii*. *M. koenigii* extracts of leaves, root, stem bark, fruits, and seeds have yielded alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and polyphenols, as shown in Table 1. The plant leaves contain a substantial amount of proximate composition; the moisture is 63.2%, protein is 8.8%, carbohydrate is 39.4%, total nitrogen is 1.15%, fat is 6.15%, total sugars are 18.92%, starch is 14.6%, and crude fiber is 6.8%. The leaves have been reported as a significant source of several vitamins, such as vitamin A (B-carotene), with a level of 6.04 ± 0.02 mg/100 g; vitamin B3, (niacin), with a level of 2.73 ± 0.02 mg/100 g; vitamin B1 (thiamin), with a level of 0.89 ± 0.01 mg/100 g; calcium, with a level of 19.73 ± 0.02 mg/100 g; magnesium, with a level of 49.06 ± 0.02 mg/100 g; and sodium, with a level of 16.50 ± 0.21 mg/100 g. The alcohol-soluble extract has a value of 1.82%, ash has a value of 13.06%, acid-insoluble ash has a value of 1.35%, cold water (20 ◦C) extractive has a value of 27.33%, and maximum of hot-water-soluble extractive has a value of 33.45% [15,45]. Wide ranges of carbazole alkaloids, essential oils, terpenoids, and flavonoids have numerous beneficial roles. Table 2 summarizes the major chemical constituents of *M. koenigii* and its pharmacological activities.




**Table 1.** *Cont.*


**Table 1.** *Cont.*

**Table 2.** The major bioactive compounds of *M. koenigii* and its pharmacological activities.



## **Table 2.** *Cont.*


**Table 2.** *Cont.*
