*2.1. Reagents*

Alpha-mangostin (αM) was obtained as described in our previous studies [25] from Garcinia mangostana (DNP International Inc., Whittier, CA, USA) with 98% purity. The LLC-PK1 (ATTC® CL-101) epithelial cell line, derived from proximal tubular cells of the porcine kidney, was acquired from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA). Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum II (CDDP), trypan blue, fluorescein diacetate (FDA), tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, sodium deoxycholate, 4-nonylphenyl-polyethylene glycol (NP-40), sodium fluoride (NaF), D-(+)-glucose, sodium pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7), sodium orthovanadate (Na3VO4), Triton X-100, glycerophosphate, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), Tween 20, glycerol, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), antimycin A, ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N- ,N- -tetraacetic acid (EGTA), dinitrophenol (DNP), magnesium chloride (MgCl2) tetrahydrate, oligomycin, rotenone, sodium L-ascorbate, sodium azide (NaN3) and tetramethyl-p-phenylene diamine (TMPD), sodium phosphate monobasic (NaH2PO4), sodium phosphate dibasic (Na2HPO4), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), ponceau S, chloroquine diphosphate salt (CQ), wortmannin and antibodies against microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B (LC3, L7543), ubiquitin-binding protein p62 (p62, P0067) and α-tubulin (α-Tub, T9026) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), and penicillin/streptomycin were purchased from Biowest (Riverside, MO, USA). Calcium chloride (CaCl2), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), sodium chloride (NaCl), and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were purchased from J.T. Baker (Xalostoc, Edo. Mex, Mexico). Potassium chloride (KCl) was purchased from Mallinckrodt plc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Protease inhibitor cocktail was purchased from Roche Applied Science (Mannheim, Germany). MitoTrackerTM Green FM was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Antibodies against malondialdehyde (MDA, ab6463), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) coactivator 1α (PGC-1α, ab54481), 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE, ab5605), parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (Parkin, ab15954) and total oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS, ab110413) rodent western blot (WB) antibody cocktail were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). Antibodies against nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1, sc-33771), voltage dependence anion channel (VDAC, sc-8828), phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) induced kinase 1 (PINK1, sc-33796), transcription factor A, mitochondria (TFAM, sc-19050) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). Antibody against mitofusin 2 (MFN2, D2D10) was purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). All the other reagents were analytical grade.
